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THE  CONNECTICUT 

AGRICULTURAL  EXPERIMENT  STATION  "" 

NEW   HAVEN,   CONN. 
S.  N.  SPRING,  Forester, 

IN   CO-OPERATION  WITH   THE 

FOREST  SERVICE, 

U.  S.  DEPARTMENT  OF  AGRICULTURE, 
HENRY  S.  GRAVES,  Forester. 


LLETIN   174,  JANUARY,  1913. 

FORESTRY    PUBLICATION    No.   7 


WOOD-USING    INDUST 
OF  CONNECTICUT 


BY 

ALBERT  H.   PIERSON, 

Statistician    in    Forest    Products, 

U.  S.  Forest  Service. 


The  Bulletins  of  this  Station  are  mailed  free  to  citizens  of  Con- 
necticut who  apply  for  them,  and  to  others  as  far  as  the  editions 
permit. 


CONNECTICUT  AGRICULTURAL  EXPERIMENT  STATION. 


OFFICEES    AZCsTID    STAFF. 


BOARD  OF  CONTROL. 

His  Excellency,  Simeon  E.  Baldwin,  ex  officio,  President. 

Prof.  H.  W.  Conn,  Vice  President Middletown 

George  A.  Hopson,  Secretary Wallingford 

E.  H.  Jenkins,  Director  and  Treasurer New  Haven 

Joseph  W.  Alsop Avon 

Wilson  H.  Lee Orange 

Frank  H.  Stadtmueller Elmwood 

James  H.  Webb Hamden 


STATION    STAFF. 

Administration.  E.  H.  Jenkins,  Ph.D.,  Director  and  Treasurer. 

Miss  V.  E.  Cole,  Libraria?i  and  Stenographer. 
Miss  L.  M.   Brauti.echt,  Bookkeeper  and  Stenographer. 
William  Veitch,  In  Charge  of  Buildings  and  Grounds. 

Chemistry. 

Analytical  Laboratory.     John  Phillips  Street,  M.S.,  Chemist  in  Charge. 

E.  Monroe  Bailey,  Ph.D.,    C.  B.  Morrison,  B.S., 
C.  E.  Shepard,  Assistants. 
Hugo  Lange,  Laboratory  Helper. 
V.  L.  Churchill,  Sampling  Agent. 
Miss  E.  B.  Whittlesey,  Stenographer. 


Proteid  Research. 


T.  B.  Osborne,  Ph.D.,   Chemist  in  Charge. 
Miss  E.  L.  Ferry,  A.B.,  Assistant. 
Miss  Luva  Francis,  Stenographer. 


Botany. 


G.  P.  Clinton,  S.D.,  Botanist. 
E.  M.  Stoddard,   B.S.,  Assistant. 
Miss  M.  H.  Jagger,  Seed  Analyst. 
Miss  E.   B.   Whittlesey,   Curator. 


Entomology. 


W.  E.  Britton,  Ph.D.,  Entomologist ;  also  State 

Entomologist. 
B.  H.  Walden,  B.Agr.,     D.  J.  Caffrey,  B.S., 
H.  B.  Kirk,  Assistants. 
Miss  F.  M.  Valentine,  Stenographer. 


FORF.STRY. 


Walter  O.   Filiey,  Forester;  also  State 

Forester  and  State  Forest  Fire  Warden. 
A.  E.  Moss,  M.F.,  Assistant. 
Miss  E.  L.  Avery,  Stenographer. 


Plant  Breeding. 


H.  K.  Hayes,  B.S.,  Plant  Breeder. 
C.  D.  Hubbell,  Assistant. 


NOTE. 

The  investigation  upon  which  this  report  is  based  was  under- 
taken by  the  Forest  Service  in  cooperation  with  the  Connecticut 
Agricultural  Experiment  Station,  the  work  being  done  under  the 
direction  of  S.  N.  Spring,  State  Forester,  and  O.  T.  Swan,  Engi- 
neer in  Forest  Products,  in  charge  of  the  Office  of  Wood  Utiliza- 
tion, United  States  Department  of  Agriculture,  Washington, 
D.  C.  The  statistics  were  compiled  from  data  collected  in  191 1, 
covering  a  period  of  one  year.  By  the  terms  of  the  cooperative 
agreement,  the  Experiment  Station  is  authorized  to  publish  the 
findings  of  the  investigation. 


CONTENTS. 


Introduction  5 

Kinds  of  Wood 6 

The  Pines  7 

White  Pine 7 

Loblolly   7 

Longleaf  Pine  io 

Shortleaf  Pine io 

Sugar  Pine  '. io 

Western  Yellow  Pine  ....  io 

Pitch  Pine n 

Idaho  White  Pine II 

Spruce    ii 

Hemlock    n 

Cypress    12 

The  Cedars 12 

Tamarack    12 

Douglas  Fir  13 

The  Oaks 13 

White  Oak  13 

Red  Oak  15 

Chestnut    15 

Tulip  Poplar 16 

Basswood    18 

The  Maples 18 

The  Ashes 19 

Hickory   20 

The  Birches  21 

The  Gums 21 

The  Elms 22 

Cherry    24 

Beech    24 

Black  Walnut 24 

Other  Native  Woods 25 

Foreign  Woods 25 


Industries    26 

Boxes   29 

Planing  Mill  Products 31 

Sash,  Doors,  Blinds  and  Gen- 
eral Millwork 33 

Musical  Instruments   35 

Ships  and  Boats 37 

Clocks  39 

Vehicles  and  Vehicle  Parts  .  41 

Handles   43 

Carpenters'  Tools 45 

Woodenware  and  Novelties  .  45 

Miscellaneous 48 

Chairs  50 

Fixtures  53 

Shuttles,    Spools,    Bobbins, 

Etc 53 

Electrical  Equipment 56 

Agricultural  Implements 56 

Firearms 59 

Machinery 59 

Patterns  59 

Furniture  61 

Printing  Materials  63 

Cigar  Boxes  63 

Tanks  63 

Sporting  Goods  66 

Laundry  Appliances 66 

Butchers'  Blocks 66 

Woods  Classified  by  Industries  66 
Summary  of  Average  Prices  . .  68 

APPENDIX. 

Wood  Uses  by  Species 69 

Directory 82 

Lumber  Cut  in  1910 96 


Wood-Using  Industries  of  Connecticut. 


INTRODUCTION. 

Connecticut  is  one  of  the  most  densely  populated  states  of 
the  Union.  Its  4,990  square  miles  are  occupied  by  over  a  million 
inhabitants.  A  very  large  percentage  of  its  people  reside  within 
two  score  manufacturing  centers  and  depend  directly  upon  indus- 
trial employment  for  a  livelihood.  The  various  industries 
include  nearly  10,000  factories,  with  an  invested  capital  of  more 
than  a  third  of  a  billion  dollars,  an  annual  output  worth  a  like 
sum,  and  a  payroll  of  some  millions.  A  considerable  number  of 
these  factories  convert  the  raw  material  of  the  forest  into 
finished  products.  The  report  of  the  lumber  cut  of  the  United 
States  in  1910,  prepared  by  the  Bureau  of  the  Census  in  coopera- 
tion with  the  Forest  Service,  United  States  Department  of  Agri- 
culture, shows  that  the  Connecticut  sawmills  cut  over  222,945,000 
board  feet  in  that  year.  Part  of  the  lumber  made  in  the  State 
is  shipped  away,  and  of  the  total  domestic  consumption  probably 
one- fourth  is  utilized  in  rough  lumber  and  in  general  construction. 
The  total  consumed  by  the  Connecticut  wood-using  industries  in 
1910,  including  lumber  purchased  from  other  states,  amounted 
to  110,051,323  feet. 

The  amount  of  wood  taken  from  the  forests  in  forms  other 
than  lumber  has  been  only  roughly  estimated,  but  the  quantity 
of  lumber  annually  milled  in  Connecticut  has  been  determined 
for  some  years.  This  is  the  first  attempt  to  follow  the  lumber 
from  the  sawmill  through  the  factories.  The  information  here 
presented  shows  the  relations  between  the  wood-using  industries 
of  Connecticut  and  her  forests.  It  also  shows  to  what  extent 
the  State's  native  resources  are  drawn  upon  to  meet  home 
requirements,  and  to  what  extent  manufacturers  draw  from 
outside. 

This  report  is  intended  to  answer  the  question  of  what  becomes 
of  the  seventy-two  or  seventy-three  million  feet  of  rough  lum- 
ber that  are  used  each  year  in  Connecticut's  wood-using  factories. 
It  also  discusses  properties  of  the  various  woods  that  fit  them  for 
use  in  certain  industries  and  the  products  made  from  these  woods. 
It  gives  the  average  cost  of  lumber  delivered  at  the  factory,  both 
home-grown  and  shipped-in  material.  The  prices  given,  it  must 
be  remembered,  are  not  market  prices,  but  are  merely  an  average 
computed  from  many  different  grades  and  forms  of  each  kind 
of  wood  reported. 


6         CONNECTICUT   EXPERIMENT   STATION,    BULLETIN    NO.    1 74. 

KINDS  OF  WOOD. 

There  are  fifty-eight  kinds  of  wood  used  by  Connecticut  manu- 
facturers. Twenty-six  of  them  are  from  timber  grown  wholly 
or  partially  within  the  State.  The  remainder  are  obtained  either 
from  other  states,  from  Canada,  or  from  foreign  countries. 
Table  I  shows  that  of  the  woods  listed  forty-eight  are  domestic 
and  ten  foreign-grown  species.  The  first  column  of  the  table 
gives  the  common  names  of  the  different  species  used  and  the 
second  column  gives  the  botanical  names. 

It  will  be  noted  that  the  above  table  gives  the  kinds  of  wood 
consumed  by  Connecticut  wood  manufacturing  establishments 
arranged  in  order  of  quantity  used.  White  pine  heads  the  list, 
supplying  one-fifth  of  all  the  raw  material.  Over  60  per  cent, 
of  the  white  pine  goes  to  box  makers  at  a  lower  price,  delivered, 
than  is  paid  by  fourteen  other  industries  using  this  wood.  The 
most  costly  grades  of  white  pine  are  demanded  by  the  ship  build- 
ers and  the  manufacturers  of  musical  instruments.  Chestnut  is 
the  most  important  hardwood  used  and  comes  second  in  the 
amount  consumed.  It  forms  a  larger  proportion  of  the  forest  than 
any  other  commercial  tree.  Why  the  lumber  regions  of  other 
states  are  called  on  for  a  little  over  two-thirds  of  the  chestnut 
needed  is  a  difficult  matter  to  explain.  Nearly  one-half  of  the 
chestnut  consumed  by  the  factories  goes  into  pianos  and  cabinet 
organs,  the  larger  part  of  it  into  piano  cases.  No  other  wood 
reported  is  used  by  a  larger  number  of  industries  than  tulip 
poplar.  Nineteen  of  the  twenty-six  report  using  it.  A  study  of 
the  table  brings  out  the  fact  that  50  per  cent,  of  the  white  oak 
used  is  home-grown.  Boat  building  uses  more  of  it  than  any 
other  industry. 

It  is  surprising  that  75  per  cent,  of  the  hickory  used  by  the 
manufacturers  of  Connecticut  grows  in  the  State;  for  it  would 
seem  that  the  supply  of  a  wood  so  useful  and  produced  so  near 
the  place  of  consumption  would  have  long  since  been  completely 
exhausted.  Dogwood  is  not  called  for  in  large  quantities,  but, 
like  white  birch,  often  called  gray  birch,  the  demand  is  met 
entirely  by  home-grown  wood,  as  is  also  the  demand  for  aspen, 
pitch  pine,  and  applewood.  Over  90  per  cent,  of  the  butternut  or 
white  walnut  used  is  cut  in  the  State.  Loblolly,  which  leads 
the   Southern  pines,   is   sometimes   sold  with   shortleaf   pine   as 


KINDS   OF    WOOD.  7 

North  Carolina  pine ;  and  since  it  is  often  difficult  to  separate  the 
two,  they  have  been  classed  rather  arbitrarily.  It  is  a  matter  of 
interest  that  longleaf  pine  occupies  eighth  place  in  Table  I. 
Most  of  the  cypress  consumed  come  from  the  Carolinas.  The 
Florida  wood  is  also  in  demand,  but  Louisiana  cypress  is  reported 
only  in  small  quantities. 

The  two  general  classes  into  which  woods  are  divided  by  users 
are  hardwoods  and  softwoods.  This  classification  is  not  based 
absolutely  on  hardness  or  softness,  but  is  an  arbitrary  distinction 
which  has  come  into  general  use  because  it  is  convenient  and 
holds  true  generally.  The  broadleaf  trees  are  hardwoods;  the 
needle-leaf  species  are  softwoods. 

THE  PINES. 

The  eight  species  of  pine  used  in  Connecticut  make  up  over 
40  per  cent,  of  the  total  consumption.  With  the  exception  of 
the  white  and  pitch  pine,  the  supply  is  obtained  entirely  from 
other  states. 

White  Pine. 

White  pine  (Pinus  strobus)  furnishes  25  per  cent,  of  the  lum- 
ber used  in  manufacturing.  It  is  found  from  New  England  west- 
ward to  Manitoba,  southward  to  northern  Illinois,  and  in  the 
Appalachian  regions  southward  to  northern  Georgia.  In  virgin 
forests  the  white  pine  often  attains  great  size,  but  much  the 
greater  part  of  the  timber  now  being  cut  in  New  England  is  sec- 
ond growth  and  often  small.  Because  the  wood  is  light,  soft,  and 
easily  worked,  it  has  always  been  in  great  demand.  Only  about 
one-fifth  of  the  amount  used  is  grown  in  Connecticut.  A  little 
more  than  90  per  cent,  of  the  total  quantity  made  into  wood  pro- 
ducts is  reported  by  the  box  makers  and  the  manufacturers  of 
sash,  doors,  blinds,  and  other  planing  mill  products. 

Loblolly  Pine. 

The  most  important  of  the  yellow  pines  used  by  Connecticut 
manufacturers  is  loblolly  (Pinus  taeda).  It  comprises  6  per  cent, 
of  the  total  and  comes  from  Virginia  and  North  Carolina.  It 
makes  rapid  growth  and  takes  possession  of  abandoned  fields  in 
a  surprisingly  short  time.  The  wood  is  generally  rather  brittle 
and  coarse-grained,  its  texture  being  much  affected  by  the  con- 


CONNECTICUT   EXPERIMENT   STATION,    BULLETIN    NO.    1 74. 


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IO       CONNECTICUT   EXPERIMENT    STATION,    BULLETIN    NO.    1 74. 

ditions  under  which  it  is  grown.  It  is  used  for  a  great  variety 
of  purposes  where  strength  and  resistance  to  decay  are  not 
essential.  Loblolly  is  used  extensively  in  Connecticut  in  com- 
petition with  spruce  and  white  pine. 

Longleaf  Pine. 

Over  5,000,000  feet  of  longleaf  pine  are  consumed  annually  by 
the  wood-using  industries  of  Connecticut.  Longleaf  {Pinus  palus- 
tris)  is  the  most  important  structural  pine  grown  in  the  South. 
Shortleaf  and  longleaf  pine  form  the  bulk  of  the  cut  of  lumber  in 
the  Gulf  States.  The  wood  is  hard,  strong,  and  generally  shows 
narrow  rings  of  growth.  Three-fourths  of  the  consumption  of 
this  wood  reported  in  Connecticut  is  by  builders  of  ships  and 
boats. 

Shortleaf  Pine. 

Next  in  importance  is  the  shortleaf  pine  {Pinus  echinata). 
Much  of  it  is  sold  in  Connecticut  mixed  with  loblolly,  as  North 
Carolina  pine  or  as  Virginia  pine.  Its  range  extends  through- 
out the  Southern  States,  but  west  of  the  Mississippi  River  is  the 
region  where  it  grows  most  abundantly  and  attains  its  largest 
size.  The  entire  quantity  reported  was  consumed  by  the  manu- 
facturers of  sash,  doors,  blinds,  general  mill  work,  and  planing- 
mill  products. 

Sugar  Pine. 

One  and  three-quarter  million  feet  of  this  western  white  pine 
{Pinus  lambertiana)  was  used  in  Connecticut.  It  is  found  in 
heavy  stands  in  southern  Oregon  and  in  California.  The  wood  is 
light,  soft,  and  easily  worked.  These  qualities  make  it  valuable 
for  the  same  purposes  as  those  for  which  the  eastern  white  pine  is 
employed.  Only  the  higher  grades  of  the  wood  are  shipped  to 
the  East.  An  average  price  of  §66.67  Per  thousand  is  obtained 
for  it  in  Connecticut. 

Western  Yellow  Pine. 

This  species  {Pinus  ponderosa)  is  native  to  every  State  west  of 
the  Great  Plains  and  ranges  from  southern  British  Columbia  to 
northern  Mexico.  The  wood  is  variable  in  color,  running  from 
pale  yellow  to  an  orange-brown.     It  is  usually  fine-grained  and, 


KINDS    OF   WOOD.  II 

although  naturally  heavier  and  much  more  resinous  than  white 
pine,  is  occasionally  sold  as  a  substitute  for  that  species. 

Pitch  Pine. 

Of  the  eastern  yellow  pines  only  one  species,  pitch  pine.  (Pinus 
rigida),  grows  within  the  limits  of  Connecticut.  The  wood  is  of 
medium  weight  and  hardness  and  rather  coarse-grained.  The 
tree  has  a  large  proportion  of  sapwood  and  is  decidedly  resinous. 
Its  principal  use  is  in  boxes  and  crates. 

Idaho  White  Pine. 

This  spieces  {Pinus  monticola)  is  a  true  white  pine  and,  like 
the  eastern  white  pine,  has  five  needles  in  a  cluster.  It  is  a  native 
of  the  northern  Rocky  Mountain  region.  As  it  is  light,  soft, 
and  easy  to  work,  it  is  readily  adaptable  to  all  purposes  for  which 
eastern  white  pine  is  used. 

SPRUCE. 

From  the  reports  received,  it  has  not  been  possible  to  deter- 
mine what  species  of  spruce  is  used  in  each  case.  Doubtless  most 
of  that  reported  is  red  spruce  (Picea  rubens) .  This  is  an  upland 
tree  found  from  New  Brunswick  to  the  high  peaks  of  North 
Carolina.  Two  other  species  are  found  in  the  East;  black 
spruce  (Picea  mariana),  which  is  a  swamp  tree  and  is  found 
much  farther  north  than  red  spruce;  and  white  spruce  (Picea 
canadensis),  found  in  New  England,  northern  New  York,  the 
Lake  States,  South  Dakota,  Montana,  British  Columbia,  and 
northwest  to  Alaska.  Sitka  spruce,  the  largest  spruce  in  the 
United  States,  is  native  to  the  Pacific  Coast  States  of  the  north- 
west. Only  a  very  small  quantity  of  this  species  reaches 
Connecticut. 

HEMLOCK. 

The  eastern  hemlock  (Tsuga  canadensis)  is  found  from  Nova 
Scotia  to  Minnesota  across  the  northern  tier  of  states,  and  fol- 
lows the  Appalachian  highland  south  to  northern  Georgia. 
Connecticut  supplied  more  of  this  wood  to  its  wood-using  indus- 
tries than  was  brought  in  from  other  states.  It  is  a  light,  strong, 
coarse  wood,  useful  for  many  purposes,  but  is  used  principally  for 
cheap  finish  and  for  boxes  and  crates. 


12       CONNECTICUT   EXPERIMENT   STATION,    BULLETIN    NO.    1 74. 

CYPRESS. 

Cypress,  or  bald  cypress  (Tax odium  distichum)  is  a  swamp 
tree  of  the  southern  coastal  region.  The  wood  has  great  dura- 
bility, does  not  shrink  nor  warp  badly,  and  is  practically  tasteless. 
These  qualities  make  it  desirable  for  many  special  purposes. 
Although  the  planing  mills  consume  the  largest  quantities  of  the 
wood,  it  is  in  great  demand  by  the  manufacturers  of  tanks,  ships 
and  boats. 

THE  CEDARS. 

A  number  of  woods  are  known  as  cedar.  Those  used  in  Con- 
necticut are  probably  the  southern  white  cedar  (Chamcecyparis 
thyoides),  with  a  range  extending  from  southern  Maine  to 
Florida,  chiefly  near  the  Atlantic  coast  in  swamps  and  best 
developed  in  New  Jersey  and  southward;  the  northern  white 
cedar,  or  arborvitse  (Thuja  occidentalis),  growing  in  the  north- 
eastern part  of  the  United  States,  now  most  abundant  in  the  Lake 
States;  the  red  cedar,  sometimes  called  juniper  (Juniperus  vir- 
giniana),  growing  in  all  states  east,  and  in  several  west,  of  the 
Mississippi  River,  but  now  most  abundant  in  Tennessee  and  south- 
ward ;  and  western  red  cedar,  often  called  giant  arborvitse  (  Thuja 
plicata),  common  in  the  northwestern  part  of  the  United  States. 
The  southern  white  cedar  is  employed  in  Connecticut  chiefly  for 
boat  planking.  The  northern  white  cedar  serves  well  for  the 
same  purpose,  although  it  is  a  smaller  tree,  and  because  of  wind- 
shakes  and  other  defects  is  not  so  well  adapted  for  lumber. 
The  western  red  cedar — the  largest  cedar  in  this  country — is  used 
more  for  shingles  than  for  any  other  purpose.  All  cedars  are 
classed  as  durable  in  contact  with  the  soil.  The  red  cedars  are 
so  named  on  account  of  the  color  of  the  heartwood,  and  the  white 
cedars  because  of  the  lack  of  such  color.  The  red  cedar  from  the 
South  is  in  much  demand  for  clothes  chests  because  of  its  odor, 
which  is  said  to  be  repellent  to  moths. 

TAMARACK. 

The  Tamarack  (Larix  laricina)  is  a  northern  tree.  In 
Connecticut  it  is  often  called  hackmatack.  The  wood  is  rather 
coarse-grained  but  hard,  strong,  and  durable.     One  of  its  chief 


KINDS   OF    WOOD.  1 3 

uses  in  the  State  is  for  small  ship  knees.  The  roots  are  the  part 
of  the  tree  reported  as  used  in  Connecticut,  and  most  of  it  comes 
from  Maine,  where  it  grows  in  cold  swamps.  The  best  ship 
knees  are  developed  above  old  beaver  dams,  where  the  made  soil 
rests  on  heavy  clay  which  roots  can  not  penetrate.  When  they 
reach  the  clay  they  turn  at  right  angles,  forming  the  desired 
crooks. 

DOUGLAS  FIR. 

Just  as  longleaf  pine  is  the  important  construction  timber  fur- 
nished by  the  Southern  States,  so  Douglas  fir  (Pseudotsuga  taxi- 
folia)  is  the  great  construction  wood  furnished  by  the  Northwest- 
ern and  Pacific  States.  It  is  sold  under  a  number  of  different 
names  in  various  parts  of  the  country,  being  known  also  as  Ore- 
gon pine,  red  fir,  Oregon  fir,  Washington  pine,  and  Douglas 
spruce.  The  wood  is  very  strong  and  stiff,  and  on  account  of  the 
great  size  of  the  timbers  that  can  be  cut,  and  its  relative  cheap- 
ness at  the  point  of  production,  Douglas  fir  has  forced  its  way  into 
Eastern  markets  in  competition  with  longleaf  pine.  It  takes  stain 
and  paint  well,  holds  nails  firmly,  and  on  the  Pacific  Coast  is  much 
used  for  doors.  Its  use  for  interior  finish  is  just  beginning  in 
the  Eastern  States,  but  appears  to  be  increasing. 

THE  OAKS. 

Although  the  industries  of  Connecticut  demand  a  larger  amount 
of  softwoods  than  of  hardwoods,  many  kinds  of  the  latter  are 
also  used.  Among  the  principal  hardwoods  employed  by  the 
manufacturers  of  Connecticut  are  the  oaks,  which  are'  separated 
into  two  general  classes  by  wood  workers — white  oaks  and  red 
oaks.  The  user  naturally  does  not  make  so  close  a  distinction  as 
the  botanist,  but  the  white  oaks  and  the  red  oaks  are  generally 
separated  in  the  factories.  The  user  bases  the  distinction  on 
the  relative  quality  of  the  woods,  for  the  white  oaks  are  as  a 
class  harder,  tougher,  stronger  and  more  durable  than  the  red 
oaks.  The  botanist's  classification  is  based  on  differences  in 
flower,  fruit,  and  leaf. 

White  Oak. 

The  most  important  tree  in  the  white  oak  group  is  that  which 
nearly  always  bears  the  name  white  oak  {Quercus  alba).     It  is 


14       CONNECTICUT   EXPERIMENT    STATION,    BULLETIN    NO.    1 74. 

common  throughout  the  eastern  half  of  the  United  States,  and 
is  a  valuable  forest  tree  of  Connecticut.  The  wood  is  stiff,  strong, 
hard,  and  resists  decay  well.  It  will  take  a  number  of  styles  of 
color  finish,  ranging  from  pale  green,  brown,  or  gray  mission, 
to  the  golden  which  is  so  much  admired  in  furniture  and  interior 
work.  Its  prominent  medullary  rays  (the  bright  streaks  in  the 
wood  radiating  from  the  heart  outward)  fit  it  for  quarter  sawing, 
by  which  as  much  as  possible  of  the  surface  of  the  rays  is  exposed 
to  view.  Lumber  classed  as  white  oak  in  Connecticut  includes 
several  species  which  are  distinguished  from  one  another  while 
the  trees  are  standing,  but  not  usually  separated  in  the  lumber 
yard  or  factory.  Among  these  are  burr  oak  {Quercus  macro- 
car  pa),  cow  oak  {Quercus  michauxii),  post  oak  {Quercus 
minor),  swamp  white  oak  {Quercus  platanoides) ,  and  sometimes 
chestnut  oak  {Quercus  prinus).  The  three  last  are  native  and 
abundant  in  Connecticut.  Eighteen  industries  in  the  State  report 
the  use  of  white  oak,  nearly  one-fourth  of  the  total  quantity 
going  into  the  construction  of  ships  and  boats. 

Table  II.    Connecticut  Industries  Using  White  Oak. 


NAME  OF  INDUSTRY 


Ships  and  boats 

Sash,  doors,  blinds  and  general 
mill  work   

Planing  mill  products    

Vehicles  and  vehicle  parts   

Musical  instruments   

Miscellaneous    

Clocks    

Chairs    

Fixtures    

Handles   

Wooden  ware   

Sporting  and  athletic  goods  . . . 

Electrical  machinery  and  appa- 
ratus    

Agricultural  implements    

Machinery  and  apparatus,  not 
electrical    

Furniture    

Shuttles,  bobbins  and  spools  . . 

Laundry  appliances   


Quantity 


Cost 


Feet 

Per 

Average 

b.  m. 

cent. 

per  1000 

Total 

1,296,625 

23.6 

$  40.39 

$52,370.31 

932,700 

16.9 

72.47 

67,593.00 

824,000 

15-0 

73.60 

60,650.00 

633,400 

II-5 

32.44 

20,548.15 

362,900 

6.6 

109.05 

39,573.50 

290,000 

5-3 

64.83 

18,800.00 

262,300 

4.8 

47-35 

12,420.00 

242,000 

4-4 

39-92 

9,66o.OO 

234,200 

4-3 

73.80 

17,285.00 

147,000 

2.7 

30.72 

4,5l6.00 

92,200 

1-7 

21.82 

2,012.00 

57,000 

1.0 

20.18 

1,150.00 

43,300 

.8 

20.38 

882.50 

35,ooo 

.6 

19-57 

685.OO 

30,000 

•5 

35-33 

1,060.00 

11,250 

.2 

74-56 

838.75 

4,000 

.1 

25.00 

100.00 

1,000 

* 

50.00 

50.00 

5,498,875 

100.0 

$56.41 

$310,194.21 

*  Less  than  .1  of  1%. 


KINDS    OF    WOOD. 


15 


Red  Oak. 

Of  the  score  or  more  oaks  in  the  red  oak  group,  one  species 
may  be  taken  as  typical  of  all.  This  is  generally  known,  both 
at  the  mill  and  in  the  woods,  as  red  oak,  although  it  is  occa- 
sionally called  black  or  Spanish  oak.  Its  botanical  name  is 
Quercus  rubra.  Other  members  of  the  group  familiar  to  the 
manufacturers  of  Connecticut  are  black  or  yellow  oak  (Quercus 
velutina)  and  scarlet  oak  (Quercus  coccinea).  Thirteen  indus- 
tries in  the  State  report  the  use  of  red  oak.  The  largest  users  are 
clock  makers.  Many  manufacturers  report  oak  without  stating 
whether  it  is  white  or  red.  In  fact,  the  oak  lumber  which  reaches 
factories  is  apt  to  be  a  mixture  of  many  species,  difficult  to 
separate  and  distinguish. 

Table  III.     Connecticut  Industries  Using  Red  Oak. 


NAME  OF  INDUSTRY 

Quantity- 

Cost 

Feet 
b.  m. 

Per 
cent. 

Average 
per  1000 

Total 

Sash,  doors,  blinds  and  general 
Vehicles  and  vehicle  parts   .... 

I,48l,000 
8l8,500 

384,485 
199,500 
I§9,500 
143,000 
140,000 

96,700 

93,000 
80,000 

24,000 

24,000 

8,500 

40.2 
22.2 

10.4 

5-4 

5-2 

3-9 

3-8 

2.6 
2.5 
2.2 

•7 
•7 
.2 

$30.22 
58.61 

54-83 
30.21 
47.82 
55.38 

45-32 

20.35 
19.32 
2369 
16.67 
97.04 
18.20 

$44,750.00 
47,972.75 

2I,o8l.24 
6,026.50 
9,062.50 
7,920.00 

Chairs    

Electrical  machinery  and  appa- 

Agricultural  implements    

Furniture    

6,345-00 

I,967.50 
1,797.00 
1,895.00 

Boxes  and  crates  

Prof,  and  scientific  instruments 

400.00 

2,329.00 

154-70 

3,682,185 

100.0 

$41.20 

$151,701.19 

CHESTNUT. 

In  Connecticut,  chestnut  is  more  used  than  any  other  hardwood, 
and  more  than  one-third  of  the  supply  is  State-grown.  The 
annual  sawmill  output  of  chestnut  in  the  State  is  larger  than  the 
combined  cut  of  all  other  hardwoods.  Nineteen  industries  report 
its  use,  as  appears  in  Table  IV.  Musical  instrument  makers 
demand  nearly  as  much  as  do  all  the  other  industries  combined, 
but  most  of  the  chestnut  that  goes  into  musical  instruments  comes 


1 6       CONNECTICUT   EXPERIMENT    STATION,    BULLETIN    NO.    1 74. 

from  outside  the  State.  The  wood  is  light,  rather  strong,  and  has 
a  handsome  grain  when  properly  finished.  The  tree  is  found  in 
the  northeastern  part  of  the  United  States,  south  of  southern 
Maine.  It  is  liable  to  attack  by  several  diseases;  and  just  now  is 
being  destroyed  in  much  of  its  northern  range  by  a  fungus  which 
induces  what  is  commonly  called  the  chestnut  bark  disease.* 
Much  chestnut  timber  is  infested  with  boring  insects,  which  cause 
the  small  holes  in  so-called    "wormy  chestnut." 

Table  IV.     Connecticut  Industries  Using  Chestnut. 


NAME  OF  INDUSTRY 


Musical  instruments   

Planing  mill  products 

Sash,  doors,  blinds  and  general 
mill  work  

Ships  and  boats   

Miscellaneous 

Clocks    

Fixtures    

Prof,  and  scientific  instruments 

Boxes  and  crates   

Wooden  ware  

Furniture    

Machinery  and  apparatus,  not 
electrical    

Patterns    

Laundry  appliances   

Agricultural   implements    ...... 

Vehicles  and  vehicle  parts 

Handles   

Printing    materials    

Electrical  machinery  and  appa- 
ratus      


Quantity 


Feet 
b.  m. 


3,559,000 

839,500 

683,480 
546,645 
440,000 
285,000 
245,500 
l6l,000 
142,500 
135,000 
78,000 

44,975 
20,000 
17,500 
15,000 
12,800 
10,000 
5,8oo 

3,ooo 


7,244,700       100.0 


Per 
cent. 


49-1 
11.6 


9.4 
7-6 
6.1 
3-9 
3-4 
2.2 
2.0 
1.9 
1.1 

.6 

•3 
.2 
.2 
.2 
.1 
.1 


Cost 


Average 
per  1000 

$21.58 


37.61 

23-54 
22.68 
19.02 
23.20 
18.07 
14.82 
I3-56 
22.27 

23.84 
22.09 
22.29 
20.00 
25.00 
18.00 
35-00 

20.00 


$25.82 


Total 


$76,815.50 
39,017.00 

'25,704.15 
12,866.71 
9,980.00 
5,420.00 
5,696.50 
2,910.00 
2,111.50 
1,830.00 

i,737,oo 

1,072.30 
440.00 
390.00 
300.00 
320.00 
180.00 
203.00 

60.00 


$187,053-66 


*  Less  than  .1  of  1%. 


TULIP  POPLAR. 

This  tree  is  usually  called  white  wood  in  Connecticut,  but  is 
more  generally  known  as  the  tulip  tree,  because  of  its  tulip-shaped 
flower,  from  which  it  derives  its  botanical  name,  Liriodendron 

*  Those  interested,  and  who  wish  further  information  concerning 
the  chestnut-bark  disease,  are  referred  to  Farmers'  Bulletin,  No.  467 
of  the  United  States  Department  of  Agriculture,  "The  Control  of  the 
Chestnut  Bark  Disease";  also  to  the  1911-12  Report  of  the  Botanist, 
Connecticut  Agricultural  Experiment  Station. 


KINDS   OF   WOOD. 


17 


tulipifera.  It  grows  in  Connecticut,  and  was  formerly  more 
abundant  and  of  larger  size  than  at  present.  Few  trunks  larger 
than  eighteen  inches  are  now  cut  in  the  State.  The  best  lumber 
comes  from  West  Virginia,  Kentucky,  Tennessee,  and  western 
North  Carolina  and  Virginia.  The  wood  is  of  fine  texture  and 
hold  paint  better  than  almost  any  other  American  wood.  It  is 
light,  rather  soft,  has  only  medium  strength,  seasons  well,  but  is 
liable  to  warp  unless  carefully  seasoned  and  worked.  It  is  one 
of  the  best  panel  woods,  but  when  wide  pieces  are  used  the  best 
results  are  secured  by  three  or  five-ply  veneers.  In  exposed 
situations  this  wood  resists  decay  fairly  well.  There  is  great 
difference  between  the  heartwood  and  the  sapwood;  the  former 
is  often  of  a  yellow  color,  hence  the  name,  yellow  poplar,  often 
applied  to  it.  The  sapwood  is  light  in  color,  and  unless  quickly 
seasoned,  is  liable  to  turn  blue,  which  color  is  due  to  a  fungus. 
As  appears  from  Table  V,  nineteen  Connecticut  industries  use 
yellow  poplar,  nine-tenths  of  which  is  brought  in  from  other 
states.  Musical  instruments  makers  are  the  largest  users.  The 
highest  price  is  paid  by  pattern  makers. 


Table  V.     Connecticut  Industries  Using  Tulip  Poplar,  or  Whitewood. 


NAME  OF  INDUSTRY 


Musical  instruments    

Planing  mill  products 

Clocks    

Sash,  doors,  blinds  and  general 
mill  work   

Vehicles  and  vehicle  parts   

Boxes  and  crates  

Miscellaneous    

Fixtures    

Printing  materials   

Patterns    

Furniture    

Handles   

Cigar  boxes   

Machinery  and  apparatus,  not 
electrical    

Wooden  ware  

Prof,  and  scientific  instruments 

Ships  and  boats   

Electrical  machinery  and  appa- 
ratus     

Shuttles,  bobbins  and  spools   . . 


Quantity- 


Feet 
b.  m. 


2,113,500 
1,404,500 
1,050,000 

590,690 

575,225 

396,365 

205,000 

l6l,500 

140,000 

44,380 

43,000 

38,600 

33,000 

30,776 
29,600 
25,000 
15,230 

10,000 
8,000 

6,914,366 


Per 

cent. 


30.6 
20.3 

15.2 

8.6 

8.3 

57 

3-0 

2.3 

2.0 

.6 

.6 

.6 

•5 

•5 
•4 
•4 


Cost 


Average 
per  1000 

$46.72 

57-45 
35.32 

60.35 
61.70 

23-94 
38.20 

43-34 
21.00 
91.76 
22.00 
22.96 
46.85 

64.05 

32.74 
75-00 
49.29 

22.00 
20.00 

$47-57 


Total 


$98,748.50 
81,267.50 
37,082.50 

35,684.15 
35,490.00 
9,490.63 
7,830.00 
7,001.00 
2,940.00 
4,072.30 
946.OO 

886.20 
1,546.00 

1,971.18 
969.00 

1,875-00 
704-95 

220.00 
160.00 

$328,882.91 


1 8       CONNECTICUT   EXPERIMENT   STATION,    BULLETIN    NO.    1 74. 

BASS  WOOD. 

This  tree  (Tilia  americana)  occurs  in  northeastern  United 
States  and  follows  the  Appalachian  highland  southward.  Half 
of  the  present  total  cut  is  credited  to  Wisconsin  and  Michigan. 
It  is  not  abundant  in  Connecticut.  The  wood  is  light  in  color  and 
weight,  is  rather  tough,  but  soft,  and  without  conspicuous  grain. 
In  this  State  the  makers  of  clocks  and  musical  instruments  use 
much  more  of  it  than  is  consumed  by  all  other  industries  com- 
bined.    (See  Table  VI.) 

Table  VI.     Connecticut  Industries  Using  Basswood. 


NAME  OF  INDUSTRY 


Musical  instruments    

Clocks 

Boxes  and  crates  

Prof,  and  scientific  instruments 
Machinery    and    apparatus,    not 

electrical 

Handles 

Sash,  doors,  blinds  and  general 

mill  work   

Printing  materials  

Wooden  ware 

Vehicles  and  vehicle  parts  .... 

Fixtures    

Cigar  boxes   

Miscellaneous    

Furniture 


Quantity- 


Cost 


Feet 

Per 

Average 

b.  m. 

cent. 

per  1000 

Total 

1,500,000 

42.I 

$48.35 

$72,530.00 

1,400,000 

39-3 

32.64 

45,700.00 

268,000 

7-5 

31-79 

8,520.00 

137,600 

3-9 

41.61 

5,726.11 

84,518 

2.4 

SO.56 

4,27349 

76,800 

2.2 

41.43 

3,l8l.80 

44,000 

1.2 

50.98 

2,243.00 

15,000 

•4 

31.00 

465.00 

9,000 

•3 

20.00 

180.OO 

8,375 

.2 

3I.76 

266.OO 

7,305 

.2 

39-88 

291.30 

4,000 

.1 

55.50 

222.00 

3,000 

.1 

20.00 

60.00 

2,000 

.1 

22.00 

44.00 

3,559,59S 

100.0 

$49-37 

$143,702.70 

THE  MAPLES. 

Connecticut  manufacturers  report  the  use  of  hard  and  soft 
maple.  Either  of  these  names  may  include  more  than  one  species, 
but  generally  hard  maple  is  the  sugar  tree  {Acer  saccharum) , 
and  soft  maple  is  the  red  maple  (Acer  rubrum).  Woodsmen 
easily  distinguish  these  in  the  forest  by  their  general  appearance. 
The  United  States  Census,  in  its  annual  report  of  lumber  cut, 
makes  no  distinction,  and  although  the  total  sawmill  output  of 
the  United  States  probably  includes  a  dozen  species  of  maple,  it 
is   all   listed   under   the    one   name    "maple."      Rock   maple    is 


KINDS   OF    WOOD. 


J9 


not  a  distinct  species,  but  the  name  is  usually  applied  to  the  hard 
or  sugar  maple.  Eighteen  industries  in  Connecticut  use  maple, 
the  largest  users  being  the  musical  instrument  makers,  with 
chair  manufacturers  next.  (See  Table  VII.)  Nearly  23  per  cent, 
of  the  hard  maple,  and  nearly  30  per  cent,  of  the  soft  maple 
manufactured  into  commodities,  grows  in  the  State. 


Table  VII.     Connecticut  Industries  Using  Maple. 


NAME  OF  INDUSTRY 


Musical  instruments   

Chairs    

Handles     

Woodenware  and  novelties  .... 

Planing  mill  products 

Carpenters'  tools    

Agricultural  implements    

Sash,  doors,  blinds  and  general 

mill  work   

Vehicles  and  vehicle  parts 

Clocks    

Miscellaneous    

Ship  and  boat  building  

Fixtures  

Shuttles,  spools  and  bobbins   . . 

Boxes  and  crates  

Printing  materials   

Machine  parts  

Butchers'  blocks 

Furniture    


Quantity- 

Cost 

Feet 

Per 

Average 

b.  m. 

cent. 

per  1000 

Total 

1,190,500 

30.46 

$42.15 

$50,184.50 

685,000 

17-52 

30.69 

21,025.00 

576,100 

14-74 

22.17 

12,771.20 

240,500 

6.15 

25.00 

6,013.00 

223,000 

5.71 

40.54 

9,040.50 

190,000 

4.86 

25.92 

4,925.00 

167,000 

4.27 

l6.I2 

2,692.00 

131,550 

3-37 

47.0O 

6,183.00 

91,645 

2-34 

28.25 

2,588.70 

80,000 

2.05 

28.00 

2.240.OO 

64,000 

1.64 

33-44 

2,140.00 

63,000 

1.61 

31-43 

1,980.00 

60,500 

1-55 

45-00 

2,722.50 

50,200 

1.28 

40.06 

2,OII.00 

40,000 

1.02 

28.63 

i,i45-oo 

33,136 

•85 

48.57 

1,609.34 

18,930 

.48 

51-45 

973-95 

2,050 

.05 

35-73 

73-25 

2,000 

.05 

25.00 

50.00 

3,909,111 

100.00 

$33-35 

$130,367-94 

THE  ASHES. 

Three  species  of  ash  are  native  to  Connecticut.  Each  is  named 
from  the  color  of  its  wood  or  bark.  They  are  white  ash  (Fraxinus 
americana) ,  black  ash  (Fraxinus  nigra),  and  red  ash  (Fraxinus 
pennsylvanicum) .  The  Connecticut  manufacturers  probably  use 
all  three  species,  but  report  only  two  kinds,  white  and  brown. 
The  latter  probably  includes  all  that  is  not  white  ash,  and  possibly 
some  of  that,  for  the  distinction  seems  to  be  based  on  the  color 
of  the  wood  without  much  regard  to  species.  The  brown  ash 
reported  is  used  chiefly  for  interior  house  finish  and  for  planing- 
mill  products,  while  the  white  ash  goes  into  vehicles.  Sixteen 
industries  report  ash,  but  more  is  used  in  vehicle  making  than  in 


20       CONNECTICUT    EXPERIMENT    STATION,    BULLETIN    NO.    1 74. 

any  other  industry.  (See  Table  VIII.)  Ash  is  valuable  chiefly 
because  it  is  strong,  stiff,  and  hard.  It  has  enough  figure  to  give 
it  value  in  furniture  making,  stairwork,  and  inside  finish. 


Table  VIII.     Connecticut  Industries  Using  Ash. 


NAME  OF  INDUSTRY 

Quantity- 

Cost 

Feet 
b.  m. 

Per 
cent. 

Average 
per  1000 

Total 

Vehicles  and  vehicle  parts   .... 

Planing  mill   products    

Sash,  doors,  blinds  and  general 

Miscellaneous    

1,132,465 
660,000 

590,965 
206,000 
93,900 
82,000 
8l,000 
40,000 
33,ooo 
31,000 

20,868 
6,000 
5-5oo 
5,000 
4,000 
3,5oo 

37-8 
22.0 

19-7 
6.9 

3-i 
2.8 
2.7 
1.4 
1.1 
1.0 

•7 
.2 
.2 
.2 
.1 
.1 

$59-13 
58.08 

58.09 
20.02 
30.40 
25.12 
21.88 
25.00 
27.58 
61.32 

48.00 
54.00 
40.00 
53-00 
35-00 
20.00 

$52.17 

$66,967.71 
38,332.00 

34,313.27 
4,125-00 
2,854.90 
2,060.00 
1,772.00 
1,000.00 
910.00 
1,901.00 

1,001.66 

Handles    

Shuttles,  bobbins  and  spools  . . 

Agricultural  implements    

Sporting  and. athletic  goods  ... 

Boxes  and  crates  

Printing  materials   

Machinery    and    apparatus,    not 
electrical    

Ships  and  boats   

324.00 
220.00 

Furniture    

265.00 

140.00 

70.00 

Prof,  and  scientific  instruments 

2,995,198 

100.0 

$156,256.54 

HICKORY. 

As  in  the  case  of  ash,  a  number  of  species  of  hickory  are  used 
without  much  attempt  to  distinguish  them.  Four  or  five  species 
grow  in  Connecticut,  and  its  sawmills  cut  more  of  this  wood  than 
do  those  of  any  other  New  England  State.  The  country's  chief 
supply,  however,  comes  from  the  middle  and  lower  Mississippi 
Valley.  Hickory  has  been  called  the  indispensable  wood  because 
for  some  purposes  no  satisfactory  substitute  has  been  found.  It 
is  strong,  tough,  elastic  and  hard,  and  has  no  equal  for  long, 
slender  handles,  as  well  as  for  buggy  spokes,  poles  and  shafts. 
Eleven  industries  in  Connecticut  report  its  use.  (See  Table  IX.) 
More  than  three-fourths  of  the  total  is  consumed  by  makers  of 
vehicles  and  handles. 


KINDS   OF    WOOD. 
Table  IX.  '  Connecticut  Industries  Using  Hickory. 


NAME  OF  INDUSTRY 

Quantity- 

Cost 

Feet 
b.  m. 

Per 

cent. 

Average 
per  1000 

Total 

Vehicles  and  vehicle  parts   .... 
Handles    

1,172,365 
987,400 

444,000 

105,500 
50,000 
25,000 

13,000 
13,000 

3,500 
2,500 
2,000 

41.6 
35-0 

15.7 

3-7 
1.8 

■9 

•5 
•5 
.1 
.1 
.1 

$41.85 
23.00 
26.65 

24-93 
22.30 
14.00 

76.54 
25.00 
25.00 
25.00 
16.00 

$49,062.85 

22,709.00 

11,832.50 

2,630.00 

I,II5.00 

350.00 

995-00 

325.OO 

87.50 

62.50 

32.00 

Shuttles,  spools  and  bobbins... 
Prof,  and  scientific  instruments 

Boxes  and  crates  

Sash,  doors,  blinds  and  general 

Sporting  and  athletic  goods. . . . 
Ships  and  boats   

Miscellaneous    

Furniture    

2,818,265 

100.0 

$31.65 

$89,201.35 

THE  BIRCHES. 

Five  species  of  birch  grow  in  Connecticut :  sweet  birch  {Betula 
lento),  yellow  birch  {Betula  lutea),  paper  birch  {Betula  papyri- 
fera),  river  birch  {Betula  nigra),  and  white  birch,  frequently 
called  gray  birch  {Betula  populifolia).  Three  of  these  are 
extensively  used,  but  only  two,  yellow  birch  and  sweet  birch,  are 
of  importance  in  Connecticut.  The  birch  employed  for  furniture 
and  interior  finish  for  houses  is  mostly  the  yellow.  Paper  birch 
is  the  best  spool  wood.  Indians  and  traders  formerly  made  canoes 
of  its  bark,  and  it  has  not  yet  wholly  gone  out  of  use  for  that 
purpose.  The  richly  colored  heartwood  of  the  sweet  and  yellow 
birches  gives  them  value  for  industrial  purposes.  The  sweet 
birch  is  so  called  because  of  the  sweet  flavor  of  the  inner  bark. 
Musical  instrument  makers  are  the  largest  users  of  the  wood  in 
Connecticut;  but  much  is  made  into  doors.  Nine  industries  in 
the  State  report  birch,  but  generally  the  particular  species  used 
is  not  stated.     (See  Table  X.) 


THE  GUMS. 

Connecticut  manufacturers  use  three  gum  woods,  two  of 
which  grow  in  the  State.  Cotton  gum  or  tupelo  {Nyssa  aquatica) 
and  water  gum  {Nyssa  biflora)  are  not  native  to  the  State,  but 
black  gum  or  pepperidge  {Nyssa  sylvatica)   is  a  common  tree, 


22       CONNECTICUT   EXPERIMENT    STATION,    BULLETIN    NO.    1 74. 
Table  X.    Connecticut  Industries  Using  Birch. 


NAME  OF  INDUSTRY 


Handles   

Musical  instruments   

Woodenware  and  novelties    . . . 

Chairs    

Shuttles,  spools  and  bobbins... 

Sash,  doors,  blinds  and  general 
millwork    

Agricultural  implements    

Planing  mill  products    

Machinery  and  apparatus — elec- 
trical      

Clocks    

Miscellaneous    

Furniture    

Printing  materials   

Fixtures 

Vehicles  and  vehicle  parts   .... 

Ship  and  boat  building  


Quantity 

Cost 

Feet 

Per 

Average 

b.  m. 

cent. 

per  1000 

Total 

654,000 

18.58 

$19.13 

$12,513.00 

627,000 

I7.8I 

40.89 

25,636.00 

557,600 

15-84 

22.32 

i2.446.OO 

500,000  • 

14.20 

30.10 

15,050.00 

310,250 

8.8l 

31.70 

9,835.00 

290,330 

8.25 

54-10 

15.705-lS 

198,000 

5.63 

16.40 

3,248.00 

171,000 

4.86 

52.74 

9,0I9.0O 

70,000 

1.99 

20.00 

1,400.00 

43.ooo 

I  22 

45-12 

1,940.00 

28,500 

.81 

19.72 

562.00 

25,000 

•71 

21.84 

546.00 

20,000 

•57 

58.20 

1,164.00 

14.440 

•41 

37-66 

542.76 

10,500 

•30 

22.86 

240.OO 

500 

.01 

50.00 

25.00 

3,520,120 

100.00 

$31.21 

$109,871.94 

while  red  gum  (Liquidambar  styraciflua)  is  occasionally  found 
in  the  southwestern  corner.  No  native  gum  wood  is  reported, 
however,  the  cotton  and  water  gums  and  red  gum  of  commerce 
coming  from  the  South.  Water  gum,  like  the  native  black  gum, 
is  known  as  one  of  the  most  difficult  domestic  woods  to  split  unless 
frozen.  Red  gum  is  popular  as  a  material  for  furniture  and 
finish,  and  lumbermen  speak  of  it  as  two  kinds  of  lumber,  sap, 
and  red  or  heart.  The  same  tree  produces  both,  but  some 
trees  are  nearly  all  sap,  while  others  may  be  nearly  all  heart. 
When  cut  in  rotary  veneer  around  the  log  a  figure  closely  resem- 
bling Circassian  walnut  is  often  shown,  which  makes  it  valuable 
for  table  tops  and  panels.  In  Connecticut  the  makers  of  fire- 
arms use  more  than  20,000  feet  of  red  gum  yearly  for  gun  and 
pistol  stocks  as  a  substitute  for  black  walnut.  The  largest  use 
of  gum  in  the  State  is  for  sash,  doors,  blinds,  and  general  mill- 
work.     (See  Table  XI.) 

THE  ELMS. 

Three  species  of  elm  are  used  by  Connecticut  manufacturers : 
white  elm  {JJlmus  americana),  slippery  elm  (Ulmus  pubescens) , 


KINDS   OF   WOOD. 
Table  XI.     Connecticut  Industries  Using  Red  Gum. 


23 


NAME  OF  INDUSTRY 


Sash,  doors,  blinds  and  general 
mill  work   

Planing  mill  products    

Firearms 

Miscellaneous    

Musical  instruments    

Clocks    

Cigar  boxes 

Fixtures 

Furniture    

Electrical  machinery  and  appa- 
ratus     ; . . . 


Quantity 


Feet 
b-  m. 


231,505 

210,500 

210,000 

40,000 

35,ooo 
27,000 
17,000 
14,000 

5,000 

2,500 


792,505 


Per 
cent. 


29.2 

26.6 

26.5 

5-i 

4-4 

3-4 

2.1 

1.8 

.6 


•3 


Cost 


Average 

per  1000 

Total 

$50.40 

$11,668.23 

45-21 

9,517-50 

44-50 

9,345-00 

34.00 

1,360.00 

45-00 

i,575-oo 

32.91 

888.50 

45-88 

780.00 

34-00 

476.00 

43.00 

215.00 

25.00 

62.50 

$45,28 

$35,887.73 

and  cork  elm  (Ulmus  racemosa),  the  last  not  being  found  in  the 
State.  Little  effort  is  made  to  separate'  the  species.  Rock  elm 
is  a  name  given  to  hard,  tough  wood,  but  it  does  not  apply  to 
any  particular  species ;  it  may  be  any  one  of  the  three.  Musical 
instrument  makers  use  about  one-half  of  the  elm  reported 
used  in  the  State.  The  rest  is  divided  among  a  number  of 
industries.  (See  Table  XII.)  Cigar  boxes  took  93,500  feet, 
although  elm  is  rarely  reported  by  that  industr)^. 


Table  XII.     Connecticut  Industries  Using  Elm. 


NAME  OF  INDUSTRY 

Quantity- 

Cost 

Feet 
b.  m. 

Per 
cent. 

Average 
per  1000 

Total 

Cigar  boxes  

638,000 

256,000 

156,000 

93,500 

50,000 

20,000 

l8,70O 
10,000 

6,000 

3,500 

3,000 
1,200 

50.80 

20.38 

12.42 

7-44 

3-98 

i-59 

1.49 
.80 
.48 
.28 
.24 
.10 

$4I.l8 
26.72 
43-88 
52.41 
25.OO 
40.00 

43.61 
18.OO 
20.00 

54-29 
20.00 
16.00 

$26,270.00 
6,840.90 
6,845.00 
4,900.00 
1,250.00 

Woodenware  and  novelties   . . . 
Chairs    

Sash,  doors,  blinds  and  general 

815.50 
180.00 

Miscellaneous    

Furniture    

190.00 
60.00 
19.20 

1,255,900 

100.00 

$38.45 

$48,290.60 

24       CONNECTICUT   EXPERIMENT   STATION,    BULLETIN    NO.    174. 


CHERRY. 

Practically  all  of  the  cherry  lumber  of  this  country  comes  from 
a  single  species  (Prunus  serotina),  generally  known  as  wild  or 
black  cherry.  The  fine  color  of  the  heartwood  gives  it  much 
value  for  many  purposes.  Twelve  industries  in  Connecticut 
report  its  use,  but  nearly  half  goes  into  professional  and  scien- 
tific instruments,  the  next  largest  use  being  for  handles.  The 
best  original  stands  of  cherry  in  the  United  States  were  found 
through  western  New  York,  southward  through  Pennsylvania 
and  West  Virginia.  It  is  not  an  important  timber  tree  in  Con- 
necticut, but  small  quantities  are  cut  by  many  mills.  (See  Table 
XIII.) 

Table  XIII.     Connecticut  Industries  Using  Cherry. 


NAME  OF  INDUSTRY 


Prof,  and  scientific  instruments 

Handles    

Planing  mill  products 

Musical  instruments   

Printing   materials    

Chairs    

Wooden  ware  

Sash,  doors,  blinds  and  general 

mill  work  

Fixtures    

Patterns  

Vehicles  and  vehicle  parts  .... 
Ships  and  boats   


Quantity- 


Feet 
b.  m. 


37S,ooo 
120,000 
100,000 
89,000 
45,000 
25,000 
20,000 

13,000 
6,500 
1,300 
1,000 
1,000 


796,800       1 00.0 


Per 

cent. 


47.1 
I5.I 
12.6 
1 1.2 
5-6 

3-1 

2.5 

1.6 
.8 
.2 
.1 
.1 


Cost 


Average 
per  1000 


P  57-50 
20.17 
97-50 
88.65 
81.78 
120.00 
20.00 

112.31 

45-23 

120.00 

20.00 

60.00 

$63.62 


Total 


£21,562.50 
2,420.00 
9,750.00 
7,89C.OO 
3,680.00 

3,000.00 
400.00 

1,460.00 

294.00 

156.00 

20.00 

60.00 


$50,692.50 


BEECH. 

The  one  species  of  beech  native  to  this  country  is  common  east 
of  the  Mississippi  River.  The  wood  is  hard,  heavy,  and  strong, 
and  is  used  extensively  for  carpenter's  tools  and  scientific  instru- 
ments. It  polishes  well,  but  is  apt  to  check  in  seasoning.  Over 
50  per  cent,  of  the  amount  used  in  Connecticut  is  grown  in  the 
State. 

BLACK  WALNUT. 

This  wood  is  cut  in  more  than  thirty  states,  but  is  no  longer 
abundant  anywhere.    Very  large  trees  once  grew  in  Connecticut, 


KINDS   OF    WOOD.  25 

and  a  small  amount  is  still  cut  in  the  sawmills  of  the  State.  It 
has  dropped  from  the  important  place  it  once  held  as  a  furniture 
and  cabinet  wood,  partly  because  of  scarcity  and  partly  because 
of  change  in  fashion.  An  important  use  for  walnut  in  Connect- 
icut is  for  gun  stocks.  Its  handsome  color,  sufficient  strength, 
and  medium  weight  fit  it  for  that  product.  The  heartwood  of 
butternut  (Juglans  cinerea)  resembles  black  walnut  in  grain,  but 
is  not  so  dark  in  color.  It  grows  in  Connecticut  but  is  not 
plentiful. 

OTHER  NATIVE  WOODS. 

Small  amounts  of  several  other  native  hardwoods  are  used  in 
Connecticut,  besides  those  already  mentioned.  For  example, 
persimmon  and  dogwood  are  regarded  as  the  best  shuttle  woods 
of  this  country.  Dogwood  grows  abundantly  in  the  State,  but 
usually  the  commercial  supply  of  both  woods  comes  from  regions 
further  south,  as  does  the  small  amount  of  cottonwood  also 
reported. 

FOREIGN  WOODS. 

Mahogany  is  imported  in  large  quantities,  and  made  into  furni- 
ture, finish,  and  musical  instruments.  The  true  mahogany,  a 
tropical  American  tree  (Swietenia  mahagani),  is  found  in  the 
United  States  only  in  the  extreme  south  of  Florida.  There  are 
other  woods  which  in  commerce  pass  for  mahogany.  One  of  the 
most  widely  used  comes  from  Africa,  another  from  the  United 
States  of  Colombia,  and  others  from  the  Philippines  and  from 
India. 

Spanish  cedar,  from  Cuba,  Mexico  and  Central  America, 
appears  to  have  no  general  use  in  this  country,  except  for  cigar 
boxes.  Its  aromatic  odor,  subdued  pleasing  color,  lightness,  the 
ease  with  which  it  may  be  worked,  together  with  its  comparative 
cheapness,  make  it  a  favorite  with  cigar-box  makers.  It  is  sur- 
prising that  more  Spanish  cedar  was  not  reported,  as  cigar  mak- 
ing is  an  important  industry  in  Connecticut,  and  cigar  boxes  are 
in  great  demand. 

Several  other  foreign  hardwoods  are  purchased  by  Connecticut 
manufacturers.  Boxwood  from  the  West  Indies  is  substituted 
for  the  more  costly  Turkish  boxwood.  Cocobola  comes  from 
Central  America  and  northern  South  America;    rosewood  from 


26       CONNECTICUT   EXPERIMENT   STATION,    BULLETIN    NO.    1 74. 

Brazil ;    lignum- vitas  from  the  West  Indies ;    ebony  from  Mada- 
gascar and  Ceylon,  and  teak  from  British  India  and  Burma. 


INDUSTRIES. 

The  various  woods  demanded  by  the  Connecticut  manufactur- 
ers are  listed  and  discussed  on  the  preceding  pages.  The  indus- 
tries using  these  woods,  the  extent  to  which  they  are  used,  and 
the  qualities  which  make  them  valuable  will  next  be  considered. 
There  are  twenty-six  Connecticut  industries  listed  in  Table  XIV. 


Table  XIV.     Consumption  of  Wood 


INDUSTRY 


Rank 


1  Boxes  and  crates   

2  Planing  mill  products   

3  Sash,  doors,  blinds  and  general  millwork 

4  Musical  instruments    

5  Ships  and  boats    

6  Clocks   

7  Vehicles  and  vehicle  parts  

8  Handles    

9  Carpenters'   tools    

10  Woodenware  and  novelties  

1 1  Miscellaneous    

12  Chairs    

13  Fixtures   

14  Shuttles,  spools,  bobbins,  etc 

15  Electrical  apparatus  

16  Agricultural  implements  ....■' 

17  Firearms    

18  Machine   

19  Patterns    

20  Furniture    

21  Printing  materials    

22  Cigar  boxes    

23  Tanks    

24  Sporting  and  athletic  goods   

25  Laundry  appliances    

26  Butchers'  blocks    

Totals    

*  Less  than  1-100  of  one  per  cent. 


Quantity  used 

annually 

Feet 

Per 

b.  m. 

cent. 

24,411,090 

22.18 

23,011,000 

20.91 

17,299,570 

15-72 

II,8lI,927 

10.73 

7,084,354 

6.44 

4,76l,590 

4-33 

4,392,010 

3-99 

3,484,320 

3-17 

2,190,531 

1.99 

1,746,800 

i-59 

1,686,000 

1-53 

1,622,500 

i-47 

1,036,245 

•94 

1,023,450 

•93 

793,000 

.72 

741,000 

•67 

603,431 

•55 

554,751 

•50 

512,905 

•47 

489,238 

■45 

289,936 

.26 

209,500 

.19 

154,825 

.14 

110,300 

.10 

29,000 

•03 

2,050 

* 

110,051,323 

100.00 

Average 
cost  per 
1000  ft. 
f.  o.  b. 
factory 


$21.11  + 
37-33+ 
42.87 
49-13— 
40.93— 

35.SI+ 

48.55— 

33-31 

68.47— 

24-55+ 

38.66- 

35-92+ 

48.70 

27-65 

36.17— 

21.89— 
67.11 

39-90 

65-73— 

35-93+ 

41.26 — 

60.94 

39-51+ 

22.68+ 

27-93 

35-73 

$37.o8 


INDUSTRIES. 


27 


To  maintain  uniformity  in  the  reports,  the  same  classification  is 
here  followed  that  has  been  used  in  preparing  similar  reports  for 
other-  states.  Connecticut  is  surpassed  by  many  states  in  the 
amount  of  wood  used  for  manufacturing  purposes,  but  only  six 
of  the  twenty  states  already  studied  exceed  Connecticut  in  the 
number  of  industries  and  the  diversity  of  manufactured  wood 
products. 

Whenever  more  than  three  manufacturers  in  the  State  specialize 
in  the  making  of  a  certain  commodity,  or  closely  related  commodi- 
ties, their  specialty  is  classed  as  an  industry.     For  instance,  the 


in  Connecticut — By  Industries. 


Grown  in   Connecticut 

Grown 

out  of  Connecticut 

Total 

cost 

f.  0.  b. 

factory 

Quantity 
Feet 
b.    m. 

Average 
cost  per 

1000  ft. 

f .  0.  b. 

factory 

$19.14 
24.49 
29.38 
21.05 

32.76+ 

Total 

cost 

f.  0.  b. 

factory 

Ouantity 
Feet 
b.  m. 

Average 
cost  per 

1000  ft. 

f.  0.  b. 

factory 

Total 

cost 

f.  0.  b. 

factory 

$515,431.70 
859,107.00 
741,641.07 
580,284.15 
289,962.27 

5,330,865 

1,050,500 

852,000 

331,000 

1,789,670 

$102,033.57 

25,725.50 

25,032.00 

6,968.00 

58,636.27 

19,080,225 
21,960,500 
16,447,570 
11,480,927 
5,294,684 

$21.67— 
37-95— 
43-57— 
49-94— 
43-69— 

$413,398.13 
833,381.50 
716,609.07 

573,316.15 
231,326.00 

167,309.80 
213,224.32 
1 16,065.60 
I49,982./5 
42,889.70 

724,500 

2,l86,095 

2,339,900 

348,450 

632,000 

I9.I8— 
30.71— 

20.70 — 

20.71 — 
18.16+ 

13,895-00 
67,129.15 
48,426.70 

7,214-95 
11,534.00 

4,037,090 
2,205,915 
1,144,420 
1,842,081 
I,III,800 

38.00 
66.23 — 
59-IO+ 
77-50+ 
28.20 

153,414.80 

146,095.17 

67,638.90 

142,767.80 

31,355-70 

65,177.00 
58,287.50 
50,463.56 
28,298.50 
28,680.00 

434,000 
327,000 
140,500 
450,500 
213,000 

19.98 
34-82- 

20.54+ 

26.62 

20.23+ 

8,672.00 
11,385.00 

2,886.50 
11,540.00 

4,310.00 

1,252,000 

1,295,500 

895,745 

572,950 

580,000 

45-I3+ 
36.20+ 

53-H+ 

29.25 

42.02 

56,505.00 
46,902.50 
47,577.06 
16,758.50 
24,370.00 

16,220.00 
40,496.00 
22,135.07 
33,7II.6l 
27,364.95 

666,000 

69,975 
117,227 
134,700 

l8.l6 

26.90 

22.57— 

18.27— 

12,095.00 

75,ooo 
603,431 
484,776 
395,678 
354,538 

55-00 
67.11 
41-78- 
78.71+ 
■    70.24+ 

4,125.00 
40,496.00 

1,882.30 
2,645.68 
2,460.70 

20,252.77 

31,065.93 
24,904.25 

11,962.34 

12,767.00 

6,117-75 

2,502.00 

SlO.OO 

73-25 

5,8oo 

2,500 

110,000 

18,500 

2,050 

35-00 

28.00 
22.50 
23.78+ 

35-73 

203.00 

284,136 

209,500 

152,325 

300 

10,500 

41-39— 

60.94 
39-70 
90.00 
35-24— 

11,759-34 
12,767.00 

70.00 

2,475.00 

440.00 

73-25 

6,04775 

27.00 

370.00 

$4,080,964.89 

18,279,732 

$23,40 

$427,733-57 

91,771,591 

$39-81— 

$3,653,23i-32 

28       CONNECTICUT   EXPERIMENT    STATION,    BULLETIN    NO.    174 


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INDUSTRIES.  29 

cigar  box  manufacturers  make  one  kind  of  container,  the  trunk 
manufacturers  another,  and  the  casket  manufacturers,  in  their 
outer  cases  or  rough  boxes,  still  another.  Instead  of  listing  these 
several  products  as  "Boxes,"  they  are  classified  under  the  separate 
titles.  The  same  rule  accounts  for  noting  the  manufacture  of 
chairs  as  distinct  from  furniture  making,  but  in  several  cases 
the  classifications  run  so  closely  together  that  a  distinction  is 
difficult  to  make.  Because  of  this  fact,  an  arbitrary  division  of 
the  data  is  sometimes  unavoidable.  These  cases  will  be  pointed 
out  later  on  under  'the  discussion  of  the  individual  industry 
tables.  In  many  cases,  the  information  given  by  a  single  manu- 
facturer relates  to  the  making  of  products  listed  under  several 
different  industries.  This  explains  the  frequent  appearance  in 
the  directory  of  this  report  of  the  names  of  the  same  manu- 
facturer under  more  than  one  industry  heading.  Several  small 
industries,  in  which  no  more  than  two  establishments  reported, 
are  grouped  together  under  the  caption  "Miscellaneous." 

Over  $4,000,000  a  year  is  paid  by  the  Connecticut  wood  users 
for  their  raw  material.  Less  than  15  per  cent,  of  this  is  paid 
for  home-grown  woods.  This  leaves  more  than  $3,500,000  as  the 
sum  which  Connecticut  thus  pays  out  each  year  to  other  states. 
In  not  a  '  few  instances,  this  purchase  money  is  expended  for 
material  which  might  be  produced  in  the  State. 

BOXES. 

In  Connecticut  more  lumber  is  used  for  boxes  and  crates  than 
for  any  other  class  of  wood  products,  but  the  cost  of  the  box 
material,  over  $500,000,  was  considerably  less  than  the  cost  of 
lumber  reported  by  industries  using  smaller  quantities.  The 
musical  instrument  makers,  for  instance,  paid  $65,000  more,  and 
used  less  than  one-half  of  the  quantity,  while  the  sash  and  door 
factories  used  nearly  6,000,000  feet  less  but  paid  $200,000  more. 
Much  of  the  material  used  for  boxes  is  of  the  cheaper  grades, 
as  shown  by  the  fact  that  the  average  price,  $21.11  per  thousand 
feet,  is  lower  than  that  for  raw  material  reported  by  any  of  the 
other  twenty-five  classes  of  manufacturers. 

The  statistics  in  Table  XV  include  the  material  used  not  only 
by  box  factories  but  also  by  box-making  departments  of  other 
manufacturing  industries,  which  produce  packages  and  crates  to 


SO      CONNECTICUT   EXPERIMENT    STATION,    BULLETIN    NO.    174. 


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INDUSTRIES.  31 

meet  their  own  requirements  only.  In  the  directory  appended  to 
this  report,  box  factories  are  designated  by  an  asterisk  (•*) .  There 
is  a  class  of  box  makers  who  purchase  their  material  in  the  form 
of  shooks  or  knocked-down  boxes ;  these  are  manufacturers  only 
in  that  they  assemble  or  nail  the  parts  together.  This  class  of 
box  makers  was.  not  asked  to  make  a  report,  since  information 
concerning  the  material  used  by  them  will  be  secured  from  the 
shook  makers  and  appear  in  the  report  of  the  particular  State 
in  which  their  several  factories  are  in  operation. 

Twenty-one  different  woods  are  used  in  Connecticut  for  boxes 
and  crates,  and  the  entire  supply  of  only  five  was  reported  as 
home-grown,  while  nine  kinds  came  entirely  from  other  states. 
White  pine,  which  is  one  of  the  three  principal  box  woods  in  the 
country,  made  up  nearly  70  per  cent,  of  the  total  quantity  used 
in  Connecticut.  It  is  used  not  only  for  common  nailed  boxes, 
shooks,  and  crates,  but  also  for  lock-cornered  and  dove-tailed 
boxes. 

The  quantity  of  cotton  gum  or  tupelo  consumed  was  probably 
greater  than  that  shown  in  the  table,  as  cotton  gum,  like  water 
gum,  is  often  called  black  gum  and,  in  a  few  cases,  it  was  diffi- 
cult to  determine  from  the  manufacturers'  report  which  of  the 
two  species  was  used.  That  these  two  woods  should  have  been 
used  in  greater  amounts  than  was  loblolly  pine  is  somewhat  sur- 
prising, since  they  grow  in  the  same  region  with  loblolly,  mostly 
in  Virginia  and  North  Carolina.  In  these  states  the  quantity 
of  loblolly  used  for  boxes  exceeds  many  fold  the  quantity  of 
tupelo  and  black  gum  used.  In  Connecticut  the  largest  demand 
for  native  pitch  pine  is  from  the  box  makers  who  use  it  for 
rough  crating  and  cheap  boxes.  The  amount  of  chestnut  lumber 
used  for  this  purpose  is  surprisingly  low,  since  this  tree  is  more 
abundant  in  Connecticut  than  any  other  and,  next  to  soft  maple, 
which  is  used  only  in  small  amounts,  it  is  the  cheapest  wood 
purchased.  Of  the  twenty-one  states  in  which  similar  studies 
have  been  made,  Connecticut  alone  reports  the  use  of  hickory  by 
box  factories. 

PLANING-MILL  PRODUCTS. 

It  is  difficult  to  distinguish  definitely  between  an  industry 
making  ordinary   planing-mill   products   and   one   making   sash, 


32  CONNECTICUT   EXPERIMENT    STATION,    BULLETIN    NO.    1 74. 


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INDUSTRIES.  33 

doors,  blinds,  or  doing;  a  general  millwork  business.  The  former 
industry  includes  those  products  which  can  be  manufactured  for 
general  use,  such  as  flooring,  siding,  ceiling,  partitions,  and  stock 
moulding-,  while  under  the  latter  industry  are  listed  commodities 
made  for  a  particular  purpose,  usually  according  to  a  design  or 
drawing.  This  separation  may  seem  unnecessary  in  Connecticut 
where  the  products  of  both  industries  are  manufactured  by  the 
same  class  of  establishments,  but  to  make  this  report  compara- 
ble with  those  from  other  states,  a  uniform  method  of  classifica- 
tion is  followed.  In  many  states  planing  mills  are  operated  in 
connection  with  sawmills,  and  where  this  is  the  case,  the  planing 
mills  make  products  quite  distinct  from  those  of  the  sash  and 
general  millwork  factories. 

Large  quantities  of  the  planing-mill  products  used  in  Connect- 
icut are  brought  into  the  State  already  manufactured,  but  infor- 
mation relating  to  this  class  of  material  was  not  asked  for  and 
is  not  included  in  the  statistics  of  Table  XVI. 

Loblolly  pine  leads  all  other  woods  in  the  quantity  used.  Its 
cheapness,  ease  of  working,  and  attractive  figure  account  for  its 
popularity  with  this  class  of  manufacturers.  Shortleaf  often 
grows  in  the  same  region  with  loblolly  and  the  two  woods  are 
so  similar  in  quality  and  appearance  that  they  are  sold  together 
as  North  Carolina  pine,  or  sometimes  as  Virginia  pine.  Loblolly 
makes  up  more  than  75  per  cent,  of  the  mixture. 

Over  95  per  cent,  of  the  wood  shown  in  the  table  grew  outside 
of  Connecticut,  while  only  two  kinds  were  reported  as  grown 
entirely  at  home.  These  two  were  hemlock  and  pitch  pine.  The 
amount  of  waste  at  planing  mills  is  very  large,  and  in  Connecticut 
few  manufacturers  report  any  use  of  this  waste  other  than  for 
fuel,  except  that  shavings  and  sawdust  occasionally  serve  for 
bedding  and  for  ice  packing. 

SASH,   DOORS,   BLINDS  AND   GENERAL  MILLWORK. 

Table  XVII  lists  thirty-one  kinds  of  wood  that  are  used  not 
only  for  sash,  doors,  and  blinds,  but  for  mouldings,  casings,  stair 
and  porch  work,  screens,  consoles,  mantels,  and  other  commodi- 
ties for  house  building.  These  products  are  made  up  to  fit  a 
particular  design  and  thus  differ  from  the  material  listed  in 
Table  XVI  as  planing-mill  products,  which  are  made  for  general 


34       CONNECTICUT   EXPERIMENT   STATION,    BULLETIN    NO.    I74. 


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INDUSTRIES.  35 

use.  More  than  30  per  cent,  of  the  wood  used  is  white  pine, 
which  has  a  greater  number  of  uses  in  this  industry  than 
any  other  wood  reported.  Formerly  white  pine  from  New  Eng- 
land and  the  Lake  States  was  the  only  wood  used  for  making 
sash,  doors  and  blinds  in  Connecticut,  but  in  later  years  the 
growing  scarcity  of  the  upper  grades  of  this  wood  has  resulted 
in  the  substitution  of  sugar  pine,  Idaho  white  pine,  and  Western 
yellow  pine,  woods  which  are  similar  in  appearance  and  quality 
to  white  pine,  and  are  often  sold  as  Western  white  pine.  The 
large  quantity  of  these  Western  woods  used  in  Connecticut  is 
due  to  the  fact  that  only  upper  grades  can  be  shipped  so  far,  and 
these  sell  at  lower  prices .  than  similar  grades  of  Eastern  white 
pine. 

Cypress  is  the  second  wood  of  importance  in  this  industry, 
most  of  it  coming  from  the  Carolinas  and  Florida.  It  goes  into 
doors,  stair  work  and  interior  finish,  and  is  used  more  than  any 
other  wood  fpr  outside  casing,  cornice  and  porch  work.  Douglas 
fir  from  the  Pacific  Coast  competes  with  cypress,  more  par- 
ticularly for  exterior  work.  The  price  of  the  Western  wood  is 
only  $6.34  more  than  the  average  cost  of  cypress.  Loblolly  pine 
and  a  small  amount  of  shortleaf  pine,  which  are  sold  together  as 
North  Carolina  and  longleaf  pine,  have  a  substantial  place  in  this 
industry.  These  three  woods  are  the  important  members  of  the 
yellow  pine  family,  and  their  annual  consumption  aggregates  over 
a  million  and  three-quarter  feet  in  the  sash  and  door  industry. 

Among  the  hardwoods  used  chiefly  for  interior  finish,  the  oaks 
are  the  most  important,  white  oak  greatly  exceeding  red  oak  in 
quantity.  The  ornamental  figure  and  cheapness  of  chestnut  make 
it  the  most  popular  for  this  use  next  to  oak.  The  other  woods 
listed  in  the  table  are  used  only  in  small  amounts.  Their  num- 
ber is  due  to  the  fact  that  different  woods  are  selected  to  suit 
the  designs  and  color  schemes  of  the  particular  jobs  in  which 
they  are  to  be  used. 

MUSICAL  INSTRUMENTS. 

Table  XVIII  shows  the  material  used  in  making  pianos,  and 
cabinet  and  church  organs,  the  large  part  going  into  the  former 
product.  Thirteen  manufacturers  supplied  the  information  listed. 
Some  piano  makers   specialize  in  building  cases,   while  others 


36       CONNECTICUT   EXPERIMENT   STATION,    BULLETIN    NO.    1 74. 


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INDUSTRIES.  37 

make  only  the  actions  and  keys.  Another  class,  not  included  in 
this  study,  buy  their  cases  of  one  manufacturer,  their  actions  of 
another,  their  sounding  boards  of  a  third,  and  their  hardware  of 
'  the  piano-hardware  dealers,  while  their  manufacturing  operations 
consist  merely  in  putting  these  parts  together. 

Chestnut,  which  is  the  favorite  wood  for  veneer  cores  or  back- 
ing, is  the  principal  species  reported  in  use  by  the  Connecticut 
piano  makers  and  organ  builders.  It  goes  almost  entirely  into 
cases,  especially  piano  cases,  and  for  this  use,  as  in  many  other 
states  in  which  studies  similar  to  this  have  been  made,  it  is 
the  leading  wood.  Notwithstanding  the  fact  that  the  chest- 
nut tree  is  common  throughout  Connecticut,  more  than  90 
per  cent,  of  the  three  and  a  half  million  feet  consumed  by  the 
musical  instrument  makers  comes  from  the  forests  of  other 
states.  Other  casewoods  to  be  veneered  or  enameled  are  tulip 
poplar  and  white  pine.  The  material  used  for  the  exterior  work 
on  cases  is  largely  bought  in  the  form  of  veneer.  White  oak, 
red  oak,  red  gum,  birch,  mahogany,  walnut,  and  sugar  maple, 
are  among  the  principal  kinds  reported.  Sugar  maple  and  elm 
enter  largely  into  posts  and  backs  of  piano  cases.  White  oak, 
red  oak,  cherry,  mahogany  and  walnut  are  used  for  organ  cases 
in  addition  to  chestnut. 

Action  makers  require  yellow  poplar,  basswood,  and  sugar 
maple.  Sugar  pine  from  California  is  used  considerably,  and 
is  the  highest-priced  action  wood  reported.  Piano  keys  are  also 
made  from  it  as  well  as  from  sweet  birch,  ash,  and  cherry.  Bass- 
wood  is  the  favorite  for  organ  keys,  except  for  sharps  or  flats 
which — both  for  pianos  and  organs — are  made  of  ebony. 
Spruce  has  no  competitor  for  piano  sounding  boards,  red  spruce 
being  preferred,  though  white  spruce  and,  to  a  limited  extent, 
Oregon  Sitka  spruce  answer.  Organ  pipes  are  made  from  sugar 
pine  and  white  pine,  while  for  stop  handles  ebony  is  in  greatest 
demand,  though  boxwood  and  rosewood  are  also  used. 

SHIPS  AND  BOATS. 

In  quantity  of  wood  used,  boat  builders  stand  fifth  in  the  list 
of  Connecticut  industries.  There  are  forty-one  boat  and  ship 
builders  in  the  State  who  make  all  kinds  of  boats, -from  a  racing 
shell  to  a  steamship.    A  large  part  of  the  material  reported  went 


38       CONNECTICUT   EXPERIMENT   STATION,    BULLETIN    NO.    174. 


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INDUSTRIES.  39 

into  barges  and  tow  boats,  extensively  used  for  the  coastwise 
freight  business.  Many  high-grade  launches,  yachts,  and  large 
pleasure  boats  are  made  by  the  Connecticut  boat  builders.  Wood 
is  used  chiefly  for  inside  work  and  interior  finish,  since  of  late 
years  steel  construction  has  largely  taken  the  place  of  wood. 

Twenty-seven  kinds  of  wood  were  reported  by  the  Connecticut 
boat  builders,  aggregating  more  than  seven  million  feet.  (See 
Table  XIX.)  Yellow  pine  ranks  first,  and  is  used  in  building 
barges,  scows,  and  tow  boats,  for  the  framework  as  well  as  for 
planking  or  siding.  Oak  stands  next  in  amount  and  is  put  to 
a  greater  number  of  uses  than  any  other  wood  reported  for  ship 
building.  Inasmuch  as  the  greater  portion  of  this  wood  is 
reported  as  State-grown,  it  is  safe  to  say  that  it  is  mostly  black 
or  yellow  oak  and  red  oak,  since  these  are  the  more  common 
species  in  Connecticut.  The  oak  lumber  shipped  in  from  other 
states,  and  a  small  per  cent,  of  the  home-grown,  is  white  oak, 
which  is  in  large  demand,  especially  by  makers  of  pleasure  craft, 
such  as  row  boats,  launches,  and  small  sail  boats.  It  goes  into 
the  framework  of  these,  and  for  all  classes  of  boats  it  is  the 
principal  wood  for  interior  finish  and  cabinet  work.  Hackmatack 
appears  in  no  other  industry  and  is  used  with  spruce  for  ship 
knees.  Spruce  also  answers  for  bulkheads,  spars,  canopies,  and 
hatches.  Douglas  fir,  used  mainly  as  large  timbers  for  barges 
and  scows,  also  contributes  material  for  keelsons  and  sleepers. 

Southern  white  cedar,  brought  from  Virginia  and  North  Caro- 
lina, is  used  for  the  siding  of  high-grade  pleasure  boats.  It  is 
interesting  to  note  the  use  of  applewood,  exclusively  Connecticut- 
grown,  for  knees  in  small  boats.  Besides  oak,  the  principal  fin- 
ishing woods  used  for  interior  work  are  mahogany,  ash,  tulip 
poplar,  black  walnut,  sycamore,  redwood  and  sweet  birch,  in  the 
order  named. 

CLOCKS. 

The  clock  manufacturing  industry  of  Connecticut  is  probably 
larger  than  that  of  any  other  State.  Wood  is  used  only  in  the 
making  of  cases.  Six  of  the  sixteen  clock  factories  of  the 
State  report  its  use  for  mantel  and  wall  clocks,  and  a  small 
per  cent,  for  large  hall  or  "grandfather"  clocks.  Red  oak,  bass- 
wood  and  tulip  poplar  are  reported  in  the  largest  quantities,  and 
these  woods  together  constitute  nearly  83  per  cent,  of  the  total 


4-0       CONNECTICUT   EXPERIMENT   STATION,    BULLETIN    NO.    1 74. 


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INDUSTRIES.  41 

shown  in  Table  XX.  Red  oak  is  in  largest  demand  for  all  grades 
of  cases.  It  is  used  extensively  in  making  wall  clocks,  and  is  fin- 
ished by  staining  in  the  natural  color  of  the  wood  or  in  the  darker 
mission  shades.  Basswood  and  yellow  poplar,  used  for  hidden  work 
and  the  backs  of  cases,  are  also  the  favorites  for  enamel  cases. 
The  art  of  enameling  wood  has  made  such  rapid  progress  of  late 
years  that  the  imitations  are  difficult  to  distinguish  from  marble, 
foreign  woods,  or  other  materials  which  they  are  made  to  resem- 
ble. Chestnut  goes  largely  into  backing  for  veneered  cases. 
Considerable  mahogany  is  imported,  much  of  it  in  the  form 
of  veneer  which  is  used  with  sweet  birch,  red  gum,  black  walnut, 
and  rosewood  for  exterior  finish.  Red  gum  is  growing  in 
popularity  with  the  clock  makers.  It  is  found  beautifully  mottled, 
with  figure  and  color  like  those  of  Circassian  walnut.  When 
finished  naturally  it  closely  resembles  that  wood. 

VEHICLES  AND  VEHICLE  PARTS. 

Table  XXI  includes  conveyances  of  all  grades  and  kinds,  from 
the  finest  of  automobile  limousines  and  carriages  like  landaus 
and  broughams,  to  common  dump  carts,  together  with  sleighs, 
cutters,  and  bob  sleds.  A  small  per  cent,  of  the  wood  used  goes  into 
hand-made  vehicles,  which  are  reported  by  wheelwrights  in  small 
towns  and  at  cross  roads,  who,  in  addition  to  their  chief  business 
of  repairing,  also  build  a  few  wagons  for  local  trade.  Most  of 
the  information  about  vehicle  material,  however,  was  received 
from  large  vehicle  and  automobile  factories,  and  by  those  special- 
izing in  the  manufacture  of  vehicle  supplies,  such  as  poles,  shafts, 
spokes  and  rims,  wheels,  and  manufactured  gear  parts. 

Every  effort  was  made  to  avoid  listing  the  same  material  twice. 
Makers  who  purchased  ready-made  parts  only  to  assemble  them 
into  a  new  unit  and  put  on  the  finishing  touches  were  not  asked 
for  information,  while  vehicle  builders  buying  some  of  their 
material  already  manufactured  were  asked  to  report  only  concern- 
ing those  parts  which  they  actually  cut  from  the  rough  lumber. 
There  are  twenty-two  kinds  of  lumber  reported;  almost  half  of 
which  is  State-grown.  In  quantity  consumed,  hickory  and  ash 
are  the  principal  woods  and  constitute  about  50  per  cent,  of  the 
total  material  used. 


42       CONNECTICUT   EXPERIMENT   STATION,    BULLETIN    NO.    1 74. 

It  is  somewhat  surprising  that  so  large  a  part  of  the  hickory 
used  is  home-grown,  but  this  is  accounted  for  by  the  fact  that 
native  hickory  is  well  adapted  to  the  needs  of  concerns  making 
vehicle  supplies,  who  form  an  important  part  of  this  industry. 
The  material  brought  from  the  South  and  other  states  comes 
into  Connecticut  in  the  form  of  billets  to  be  shaped  into  the 
finished  products  by  manufacturers  who  only  make  parts  like 
the  parts  of  the  running  gear,  and  sell  them  to  other  factories 
which  assemble  and  finish  the  vehicle.  For  gear  stock,  hickory  is 
the  principal  wood  used. 

The  manufacture  of  automobile  bodies  is  conspicuous  among  the 
wood-using  industries  of  Connecticut  and,  in  this  line,  this  State 
is  ahead  of  the  other  twenty  states  in  which  like  reports  have  been 
made.  The  manufacture  of  automobile  bodies  demands  ash  in 
greater  quantities  than  any  other  kind  of  wood.  Ash  being  strong 
and  light  is  the  favorite  for  body  frames.  In  no  other  State 
does  it  occupy  as  prominent  a  position  among  the  vehicle  mate- 
rials. The  Connecticut  manufacturers  of  horse  vehicles  use  it 
for  spring  bars,  poles,  and  shafts,  and  for  gear  parts  of  light 
vehicles.  Yellow  poplar  is  the  other  important  body  wood  and 
meets  an  exacting  demand  for  panel  work.  Because  it  is  fine 
grained,  soft  and  easily  worked,  and  has  a  special  capacity  for 
holding  paint,  it  is  the  favorite  wood  with  builders  of  automobile, 
carriage,  and  buggy  bodies.  Its  high  price  now  prevents  its  use 
as  formerly  for  wagon  beds.  In  Connecticut,  loblolly  pine,  spruce, 
and  basswood  have  largely  taken  its  place.  Cypress,  used  only 
in  small  amounts,  is  growing  in  favor  as  a  panel  wood  for  fine 
vehicle  bodies. 

The  white  oak  reported  comes  principally  from  without  the 
State  but  the  red  oak  largely  from  within.  The  yellow  oak  is 
entirely  home-grown.  The  last  named  species  as  it  grows  in 
Connecticut  is  of  an  excellent  quality  and  is  popular  as  a  vehicle 
wood.  Being  cheaper  it  is  substituted  even  for  uses  which  in 
many  states  are  supplied  by  white  oak  alone,  as  for  instance,  in 
making  gear  parts  for  wagons,  drays  and  heavy  vehicles. 

The  elms  are  the  hub  woods,  both  the  rock  and  the  white  elm 
being  equally  suitable.  The  elms  are  the  easiest  to  bend  and  for 
that  reason  are  used  for  the  bent  parts  of  vehicle  and  cutter 
bodies.  Ash  and  yellow  poplar  also  serve  for  this  class  of 
products.      Sugar   maple,    red   oak,    longleaf    pine,    beech   and 


INDUSTRIES.  43 

chestnut  go  into  the  bottoms  of  wagon  bodies;  the  flooring  of 
passenger  vehicles  is  principally  of  red  oak.  The  large  quantity 
of  mahogany  shown  in  the  table  goes  principally  into  automobile 
and  limousine  bodies,  window  frames  of  limousines,  door  parts 
of  the  tonneau,  wind  shields,  steering  wheels,  magneto  boxes, 
etc.    Black  and  Circassian  walnut  also  answer  the  same  purposes. 

HANDLES. 

A  great  variety  of  handles  is  made  in  Connecticut,  which 
accounts  for  the  many  kinds  of  wood  shown  in  the  table  of  this 
industry.  Twenty-two  species  are  reported.  (See  Table  XXII.) 
No  other  State  shows  as  many  handle  woods  used.  Hickory  heads 
the  list.  Inasmuch  as  this  wood  meets  an  exacting  demand  for 
long  tool  handles  like  those  for  picks,  sledge-hammers,  mauls,  etc., 
it  would  be  natural  to  assume  that  their  manufacture  was  the  most 
important  part  of  the  handle-making  industry  of  Connecticut,  but 
the  largest  per  cent,  of  the  hickory  reported  goes  into  handles  of 
small  tools,  like  files,  chisels,  hatchets,  nail  hammers,  etc.  For  this 
purpose  it  is  best  of  all  woods.  Other  species  are  used  for  small 
handles  in  which  the  shock-resisting  quality  is  not  so  important 
a  requisite,  such  as  those  of  awls,  gimlets,  augurs,  braces,  screw- 
drivers, and  drawknives.  Sugar  maple,  white  oak,  white  and 
paper  birch,  mahogany  and  rosewood  were  the  principal  woods 
serving  this  latter  purpose. 

For  garden-tool  handles,  ash  is  generally  used,  but  in  Con- 
necticut, sugar  maple,  sweet  birch  and  beech  are  substituted  and 
consumed  in  greater  quantities.  These  woods  are  also  most  in 
demand  for  brush  handles. 

The  manufacture  of  knife  and  fork  handles  takes  a  prominent 
part  in  this  industry  in  Connecticut.  Many  woods  supply  the 
material ;  some  of  them  are  foreign,  and  purchased  at  high  prices. 
Of  these  cocobola,  a  Central  American  wood,  is  the  favorite.  It 
is  dense,  hard,  ornamental,  and  susceptible  of  a  high  finish.  Box- 
wood, mahogany,  rosewood,  and  ebony  are  the  other  imported 
woods,  and  flowering  dogwood  stained  to  imitate  ebony  or 
cherry,  butternut,  yellow  birch,  sugar  maple,  and  beech  are  the 
principal  domestic  woods  used. 

The  only  softwood  or  conifer  reported  for  handles  is  white 
pine.     It  serves  with  the  softer  hardwoods,  like  basswood,  tulip 


44      CONNECTICUT   EXPERIMENT   STATION,    BULLETIN    NO.    174. 


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INDUSTRIES.  45 

poplar  or  whitewood,  for  handles  of  soldering  irons,  carving  and 
engraving  tools,  files,  etc.  Chestnut  is  used  for  casket  handles, 
which  are  generally  cloth-covered.  Applewood,  in  limited  quan- 
tities, with  sugar  maple,  meets  the  demand  for  draw-knife 
handles. 

CARPENTERS'  TOOLS. 

Table  XXIII  shows  the  use  of  sixteen  woods  and  more  than 
two  million  feet  in  the  manufacture  of  carpenters'  tools.  The 
material  listed  under  the  handle  industry  goes  largely  into  car- 
penters' tools,  but  exclusively  for  handles,  or  for  tools  which  are 
part  wood  and  part  metal.  The  products  listed  in  the  present 
class  include  carpenters'  tools  made  entirely  of  wood,  such  as 
rules,  planes,  levels,  mallets,  mitre  boxes,  braces,  clamps,  plumb- 
ers' rules,  gauges,  etc.  The  entire  supply  of  five  of  the  woods 
reported  is  home-grown,  but  their  combined  quantity  amounts 
to  less  than  one-sixth  of  the  total.  Boxwood,  which  comes  prin- 
cipally from  Turkey  and  other  Mediterranean  countries,  meets 
the  largest  part  of  the  demand.  In  only  one  other  industry 
table  for  Connecticut  does  a  foreign  wood  lead  in  point  of 
quantity.  Its  most  important  use  is  for  rules,  but  it  also  con- 
tributes material  for  planes  and  gauges.  It  is  hard,  strong,  and 
not  liable  to  warp  when  seasoned.  This  makes  it  the  chief  rule 
wood,  while  its  exceptional  quality  of  wearing  smooth — the  same 
property  that  puts  beech  and  sugar  maple  to  this  use — makes  it 
specially  valuable  for  planes  and  gauges. 

Cherry  and  mahogany  are  the  only  woods  used  for  plumbs 
and  levels.  Beech  is  chiefly  used  for  mitre  boxes,  plane  stocks, 
and  hand  screws.  Chestnut,  basswood,  and  black  walnut  are  the 
principal  tool  chest  materials.  Hickory  and  lignum-vitse  are  the 
mallet  woods,  and  ash  alone  serves  for  clamps.  The  tool  makers 
use  a  larger  quantity  of  rosewood  than  any  other  class  of 
manufacturers.  Nearly  a  quarter  of  a  million  feet  is  demanded 
each  year  and  the  average  price  is  higher  than  that  of  any  other 
wood  shown  in  Table  XXIII. 

WOODENWARE  AND  NOVELTIES. 

The  manufacture  of  articles  commonly  known  as  woodenware 
and  of  articles  known  as  novelties  are  so  closely  related  that  it 


46       CONNECTICUT   EXPERIMENT   STATION,    BULLETIN    NO.    1 74. 


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4§       CONNECTICUT    EXPERIMENT    STATION,    BULLETIN    NO.    1 74. 

is  difficult  to  separate  them.  Therefore  the  two  classes  are 
grouped  as  one  in  Table  XXIV.  Generally  woodenware  refers 
to  housekeeping  accessories,  like  pails,  buckets,  dishes,  bowls, 
trays,  platters,  and  boards,  step-ladders,  flour  sieves,  etc.  Con- 
necticut manufacturers  make  but  few  of  these.  The  principal  one, 
according  to  the  quantity  of  wood  used,  is  step-ladders.  Spruce 
being  light  and  strong  meets  the  entire  demand.  The  other 
products  reported  are  flour  sieves  and  cutting  boards.  The  sieves 
are  made  of  soft  elm,  because  it  bends  easily  and  retains  a 
cylindrical  shape.  Cutting  boards  are  commonly  made  of  sugar 
maple. 

The  manufacture  of  novelties  is  the  more  important  part  of 
this  industry.  Vial  and  pill  boxes  are  made  from  whitewood  or 
yellow  poplar,  and  basswood.  Chestnut,  maple,  and  birch  serve 
for  the  plugs  used  by  paper  mills  in  the  ends  of  rolls  of  paper. 
White  pine  and  basswood  furnish  material  for  cloth  boards; 
while  beech  birch  and  maple  are  used  for  rug  and  drugget  poles. 
An  interesting  line  of  manufacture  belonging  to  this  industry  is 
the  making  of  collar  buttons  for  laundries.  They  are  used  but 
once  then  thrown  away,  hence  are  made  in  enormous  numbers. 

The  operation  of  making  these  is  similar  to  that  for  making- 
collets,  or  small  wooden  rings  used  as  collars  around  the  flanges 
of  hose  and  stocking  supporters,  and  both  are  usually  made  in 
the  same  factory,  white  birch  being  reported  as  the  principal  wood 
used.  It  is  probable,  however,  that  only  a  small  portion  of  it  is 
the  true  white  birch.  Door  knobs  and  door  stops  are  turned 
from  a  variety  of  woods,  principally  oak,  sugar  maple,  cherry 
and  mahogany. 

MISCELLANEOUS. 

Materials  used  in  the  manufacture  of  a  large  number  of  com- 
modities, which  can  not  be  listed  in  any  of  the  foregoing  indus- 
tries, have  been  classed  together  in  the  miscellaneous  table  which 
follows  (Table  XXV).  Had  there  been  more  than  two  concerns 
making  any  one  of  these  products,  separate  figures  relating  to  it 
would  have  been  given.  For  plumber's  woodwork,  white  oak  is 
in  largest  demand ;  the  casket  makers  use  chestnut,  yellow  poplar, 
and  red  cedar  for  their  cloth-covered  products,  mahogany  and 
red  oak  for  their  caskets  finished  in  the  natural  wood,  and  white 
pine  for  their  outer  cases,  or  rough  boxes.     The  manufacturers 


MISCELLANEOUS. 


49 


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5©       CONNECTICUT   EXPERIMENT   STATION,    BULLETIN    NO.    174. 

of  sewing-machine  tables  and  cabinets  use  a  variety  of  woods,  but 
principally  red  and  white  oak.  A  large  part  is  quarter-sawed  and, 
with  mahogany,  walnut,  red  gum  and  maple,  serves  chiefly  for 
exterior  work.  A  portion  of  these  expensive  woods  is  purchased 
in  the  form  of  veneer  and  made  up  usually  with  chestnut  as  a 
base.  Yellow  poplar  from  the  Southern  states  is  used  for  interior 
work  like  drawer  sides  and  bottoms,  and  other  compartments 
of  sewing-machine  cabinets. 

Rattan  is  imported  from  China  by  the  wickerware  manufactur- 
ers and  made  into  reeds,  principally  for  baskets.  Yellow  poplar 
and  basswood  are  the  supplies  for  trunk  and  sample-case  material. 
For  barrel  bungs,  yellow  poplar  furnishes  the  entire  supply,  while 
the  birches  and  maples  are  used  in  making  faucets.  Toy  manu- 
facturers use  four  kinds  of  wood — white  pine,  aspen,  basswood 
and  birch.  Ash  alone  furnishes  the  material  for  tackle  blocks, 
and,  judging  from  the  low  average  price  reported,  much  of  it 
must  be  brown  or  black  ash.  For  making  coal  screens,  oak,  beech, 
and  maple  comprise  the  largest  part  of  the  supply,  while  the 
makers  of  ox  yokes  demand  white  oak,  elm,  hickory  and  maple 
in  almost  equal  amounts. 

CHAIRS. 

Table  XXVI  gives  statistics  of  lumber  manufactured  into  chairs, 
piano  stools,  and  benches.  The  chair  industry  is  not  important 
in  Connecticut,  since  only  a  little  more  than  a  million  and  a  half 
feet  of  lumber  per  annum  is  required  for  it.  Contrary  to  expecta- 
tion, only  a  small  number  of  the  chairs  made  in  Connecticut  are 
from  turned  stock,  but  are  chiefly  oak  chairs  of  the  mission  design 
made  from  sawed  or  squared  material.  Folding  chairs  and  camp 
stools,  having  canvas  or  other  cloth  seats,  are  turned-stock 
products  for  which  sugar  maple  and  yellow  birch  are  used. 

The  piano  stool  manufacturers  report  the  largest  number  of 
woods  listed  in  this  table.  Yellow  and  sweet  birch,  sugar  maple, 
soft  maple,  elm,  and  mahogany  are  the  favorites.  Birch,  better 
than  any  other  wood,  can  be  stained  to  imitate  mahogany  and  for 
that  reason  is  used  to  meet  the  largest  part  of  the  demand.  Soft 
maple  and  elm  are  excellent  woods  for  holding  glue  and  therefore 
generally  used  as  veneer  backing  or  cores  for  veneered  stools  of 
mahogany,  cherry,  and  quartered  oak. 


CHAIRS. 


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INDUSTRIES. 


FIXTURES. 


Eleven  firms  in  Connecticut  report  the  manufacture  of  office, 
store,  bank,  and  bar-room  fixtures.  A  number  specialize  along 
these  lines,  but  more  report  these  products  in  conjunction  with 
the  manufacture  of  other  commodities.  The  most  important 
products  of  this  industry  are  display  show  cases  and  racks, 
counters,  wall  cabinets  and  cases,  shelving,  buffets,  bookcases, 
school  furniture,  railing  bars,  and  filing  cabinets.  They  are  often 
difficult  to  separate  from  certain  kinds  of  furniture,  and  many 
are  closely  related  to  the  products  for  interior  finish  described 
under  the  industry  of  sash,  doors,  blinds,  and  general  mill  work, 
such  as  partitions,  built-in  buffets,  sodawater  fountains,  cabinets, 
and  wall  cases.  Manufacturers  making  several  classes  of  such 
commodities  seldom  make  any  distinctions  in  their  reports.  This 
circumstance  requires  an  arbitrary  classification  of  the  data. 

Sixteen  kinds  of  wood  are  used  by  the  fixture  manufacturers. 
(See  Table  XXVII.)  Chestnut  and  basswood  are  the  only  ones 
grown  in  the  State.  For  the  exterior  or  exposed  work  the  best 
grades  of  cabinetwood  are  desired.  This  is  shown  by  the  high 
average  prices  of  the  principal  wood  given  in  Table.  XXVII. 
They  are  white  oak,  red  oak,  tulip  poplar,  mahogany,  black  wal- 
nut, redwood,  red  gum,  and  cherry.  For  the  hidden  portions  such 
as  framing,  lining,  reinforcements,  bases,  veneer  coring,  drawer 
sides  and  bottoms,  cheaper  woods  answer.  Chestnut  is  the  prin- 
cipal one,  but  white  pine,  spruce,  and  basswood  are  also  used. 

SHUTTLES,  SPOOLS,  AND  BOBBINS. 

Eight  woods  are  used  in  Connecticut  for  making  shuttles, 
spools,  bobbins,  and  affiliated  products,  and  three  of  them,  namely, 
hickory,  white  or  gray  birch,  and  persimmon  constitute  consider- 
ably more  than  four-fifths  of  the  total  quantity  shown  in  Table 
XXVIII.  Rated  by  the  amount  of  wood  consumed,  picker 
sticks  are  the  principal  product  made  by  this  class  of  manufac- 
tures. These  differ  in  shape  and  size  according  to  the  looms  for 
which  they  are  made.  They  taper  toward  one  end  and  are 
about  one  and  one-half  inches  wide,  three-fourths  of  an  inch 
thick,  and  from  twenty-six  to  thirty-two  inches  in  length.  In  the 
loom  they  are  used  as  levers  to  impart  motion  to  the  shuttle. 


54      CONNECTICUT   EXPERIMENT   STATION,    BULLETIN    NO.    1 74. 


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56       CONNECTICUT   EXPERIMENT    STATION,    BULLETIN    NO.    1 74. 

Necessarily,  a  picker  stick  must  be  made  from  strong-,  tough, 
straight-grained  wood.  Hickory  is  used  more  than  any  other 
wood,  but  ash  is  used  to  a  limited  extent.  Bobbins,  spindles,  and 
speeders  are  made  from  maple,  birch,  and  beech,  while  persimmon 
alone  contributes  the  shuttle  material. 

Two  kinds  of  spools  are  made  in  Connecticut.  The  one-piece 
spool  used  for  silk  and  cotton  thread,  and  fine  wire,  is  made  of 
white  birch.  The  spool  used  in  connection  with  textile  mill 
machinery  is  a  three-piece  product.  The  barrel  is  turned  from 
birch,  beech,  or  maple,  and  the  disc-like  heads  are  screwed  and 
glued  to  the  barrel.  These  spool  heads  are  frequently  made  from 
a  softer  wood,  like  aspen,  whitewood,  and  basswood,  but  birches 
and  maples  are  heavier,  more  durable,  and  largely  used. 


ELECTRICAL  EQUIPMENT. 

This  includes  electric  wire  and  cable  reels,  wooden  parts  of 
switchboards,  battery  boxes  and  coil  cases,  telephone  boxes,  and 
other  wooden  parts  of  electrical  apparatus.  Mahogany  is  the  only 
foreign  wood  reported,  and,  in  quantity,  exceeds  all  other  species. 
It  is  the  favorite  material  for  switchboards  and  serves  together 
with  red  oak,  white  oak,  sweet  and  yellow  birch,  and  red  gum 
for  telephone  boxes.  White  pine  and  spruce,  reported  in  equal 
quantities,  exceed  the  amount  of  all  other  woods  shown  in 
Table  XXIX.  They  are  not  used  for  the  parts  of  electrical 
instruments  but  are  made  solely  into  reels  of  various  sizes,  around 
which  cables  and  electric  wire  are  wound. 


AGRICULTURAL  IMPLEMENTS. 

Most  of  the  agricultural  implements  used  in  Connecticut  are 
shipped  into  the  State.  Since  tool  handles,  farm  wagons,  carts 
and  sleds  are  listed  under  other  industries,  there  remain  only 
harrows,  cultivators,  plows,  and  hayrakes  to  be  included  in  the 
statistics  of  Table  XXX.  White  ash  furnishes  all  the  material  for 
making  wooden  rakes,  except  for  the  teeth,  which  are  made  only 
of  hickory.  All  other  woods  shown  in  the  table  went  into  har- 
rows, yokes,  and  eveners,  except  a  small  quantity  of  oak  and  ash 
which  was  used  for  plow  beams  and  handles. 


AGRICULTURAL    IMPLEMENTS. 


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INDUSTRIES.  59 

FIREARMS. 

The  Connecticut  manufacturers  of  firearms  bring  in  from  other 
states  all  the  wood  they  use.  (See  Table  XXXI.)  This  is  not 
surprising",  since  of  the  four  woods  reported,  black  walnut  alone 
is  indigenous  to  Connecticut  and,  owing  to  its  scarcity  in'  the 
State,  the  price  is  high.  Black  walnut  is  preferred  to  any  other 
wood  for  gun  stocks  because  of  its  strength  and  ornamental 
color — qualities  which  have  made  it  for  many  years  a  favorite 
wood  with  American  manufacturers.  In  Europe,  Circassian  wal- 
nut is  the  leading  gunstock  wood,  because  it  is  tough  and  strong 
and  its  mottled  figure  makes  a  very  attractive  appearance.  Owing 
to  its  high  price  not  much  of  it  is  used  in  this  country.  The 
heartwood  of  red  gum  is  several  times  as  cheap  and  often  resem- 
bles it  so  closely  in  figure  and  color  that  they  cannot.be  distin- 
guished. Red  gum  possesses  all  the  essential  qualities  for  gun 
stock  material  and,  next  to  black  walnut,  is  used  in  the  largest 
quantity.  Yellow  birch  also  answers  for  gun  stocks,  and  some 
Connecticut  manufacturers  are  beginning  to  use  it  for  the 
cheaper  guns.  English  walnut  was  reported  in  too  small  a  quan- 
tity to  be  listed  in  the  table.  It  goes  into  pistol  stocks.  Boxwood, 
owing  to  its  exceptional  strength,  is  selected  for  gun  rods. 


MACHINERY. 

In  Table  XXXII  following,  are  listed  eleven  kinds  of  lumber 
used  in  the  wooden  parts  of  machinery  other  than  electrical. 
Parts  of  silk  and  textile  machinery,  cotton  gins,  papermill  machin- 
ery, engine  and  other  machine  skids,  machine  tables,  typewriter 
platen  cores,  and  hat-making  machines  are  the  principal  products 
into  which  the  material  enters.  No  foreign  woods  are  used,  but 
seven-eighths  of  the  more  than  half  a  million  feet  purchased 
yearly  for  this  industry  are  brought  into  Connecticut  from  other 
states. 

PATTERNS. 

Patterns  and  flasks  used  by  foundrymen,  and  hat  blocks  and 
flanges,  are  the  products  represented  in  the  statistics  in  Table 
XXXIII.    The  principal  pattern  woods  are  pine  and  mahogany. 


6o       CONNECTICUT   EXPERIMENT   STATION,    BULLETIN    NO.    1 74. 


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They  are  straight-grained  and,  when  well  seasoned,  are  less  liable 
to  warp  and  twist  than  any  other  wood.  The  quantity  of  white 
pine  used  in  Connecticut  exceeds  the  amount  of  mahogany  used 
more  than  a  hundredfold.  In  Connecticut  there  are  a  number  of 
pattern  makers  who  specialize  in  models,  but  most  of  the  pattern 
wood  is  reported  by  foundrymen  who  run  their  own  pattern 
department.  Since  a  pattern  must  be  designed  in  the  exact  shape 
and  dimensions  of  the  article  to  be  molded  from  it,  only  the 
highest  grades  of  material  are  used,  as  the  prices  in  the  table 
indicate ;  in  this  regard  patterns  differ  from  flasks,  as  these  latter 
can  be  made  from  a  variety  of  cheap  woods.  Flasks  serve  for 
frames  holding  the  molding  sand  and  the  pattern  employed  in 
molding  and  casting.  Two-part  flasks  are  used  when  the  molding 
is  in  two  pieces,  one  fitting  upon  the  other.  The  woods  used  are 
chestnut,  white  pine,  and  spruce.  The  average  price  of  the  flask 
woods  is  $25.50  per  thousand  feet,  as  against  $87,  about  the 
average  cost  of  the  pattern  material. 

Hat  blocks  and  flanges  closely  resemble  patterns,  and  therefore 
are  included  in  this  classification.  The  blocks  are  used  in  making 
crowns,  while  flanges  are  employed  for  shaping  the  rims.  Yel- 
low poplar  is  the  favorite  wood  for  making  these  commodities,  and 
in  Connecticut  the  manufacturers  use  no  other  kinds.  It  is 
purchased  in  only  the  highest  grades,  and  great  care  is  used  in 
seasoning  it.  The  average  price  paid  per  thousand  was  $91.76, 
the  highest  cost  reported  for  this  wood  by  any  industry. 

FURNITURE. 

The  furniture  industry  is  not  an  important  one  in  Connecticut. 
Only  one  manufacturer  in  the  State  makes  tables  and  case  goods, 
such  as  bookcases,  buffets,  dressers,  and  chiffoniers;  another 
makes  only  couch  frames;  while  the  rest  specialize  in  furniture 
parts.  Lignum-vitae,  imported  from  Costa  Rica,  furnishes  the 
entire  supply  of  the  caster  material;  judging  from  the  quantity 
used,  the  Connecticut  manufacturers  evidently  supply  the  needs 
of  furniture  makers  in  many  other  states.  Couch  frames  are 
usually  veneered  and  chestnut  is  the  principal  wood  used  for 
backing. 

Red  gum,  plain  and  quartered  oak,  ash  and  sweet  birch  were 
the  woods  consumed  for  the  exterior  finish  of  case  goods.     For 


62       CONNECTICUT   EXPERIMENT   STATION,    BULLETIN    NO.    1 74. 


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the    interior    work,    yellow    poplar,    cotton    gum,    and    cypress 
answered.    Table  XXXIV  presents  the  available  statistics. 

PRINTING  MATERIALS. 

Seven  woods  are  used  for  making  printing  accessories  in 
Connecticut,  and  the  quantity  and  price  of  each  are  shown  in 
Table  XXXV.  Base  blocks  for  rubber-stamp  pads  constitute  a 
very  large  per  cent,  of  the  total,  and  for  these,  low  grades  of 
yellow  poplar  and  basswood  provide  the  material.  Cherry  serves 
as  backing  for  electrotypes,  sweet  birch  for  press  tables,  and 
the  remainder  for  printing-press  parts. 

CIGAR  BOXES. 

Though  cigar  boxes  belong  in  the  same  general  class  with 
packing  boxes,  the  former  are  made  in  separate  factories  and 
therefore  the  industry  is  distinguished  in  this  report.  Cigar-box 
maufacturers  buy  their  wood  by  superficial  measurement.  To 
make  the  statistics  of  Table  XXXVI  comparable  with  the  other 
tables  of  this  report,  cigar-box  material  has  been  reduced  to  board 
feet  measure.  This  accounts  for  the  high  price  shown  in  the 
table,  because  the  cost  increases  as  the  thickness  of  the  sheet 
of  veneer  decreases. 

Owing  to  the  high  price  of  Spanish  cedar,  it  is  customary  to 
make  cigar  boxes  of  a  two-ply  veneer  of  the  cedar,  glued  on  to 
a  cheap  domestic  wood  like  elm,  whitewood,  tupelo  or  basswood. 
Red  gum  is  shipped  all  the  way  from  Missouri  to  Connecticut  to 
be  used  in  cigar  boxes  for  holding  the  medium-priced  goods, 
while  for  the  best  grades  of  cigars,  Spanish  cedar  is  used  alone, 
usually  of  three-sixteenths  thickness.  Manufacturers' in  no  other 
State  already  appearing  in  these  studies  of  wood  consumption 
report  the  use  of  elm  for  making  cigar  boxes.  Connecticut  manu- 
facturers use  it  in  larger  quantities  than  any  other  kind  of  wood. 
It  answers  for  cores  or  backing  in  two-ply  work. 

TANKS. 

The  manufacture  of  tanks,  vats,  and  silos  in  Connecticut  calls 
for  the  use  of  only  three  woods.    Cypress,  which  is  the  principal 


64       CONNECTICUT   EXPERIMENT   STATION,    BULLETIN    NO.    1 74. 


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66       CONNECTICUT   EXPERIMENT    STATION,    BULLETIN    NO.    1 74. 

tank-wood  in  the  country  at  large,  contributes  over  95  per  cent, 
of  the  total  shown  in  Table  XXXVII.  Most  of  it  was  shipped 
from  Florida.  Silo  makers  use  cypress  and  longleaf  pine,  the 
latter  wood  coming  from  Georgia.  The  making  of  tank  staves 
in  this  State  is  not  a  distinct  industry.  It  is  carried  on  as  a 
side  line  by  manufacturers  listed  in  this  report  under  other  classes 
of  industries. 

SPORTING  GOODS. 

Polo  sticks,  hockey  sticks,  and  fishing  floats  are  the  only  com- 
modities made  in  Connecticut  whose  wood  material  can  be 
listed  under  the  head  of  sporting  goods.  (See  Table  XXXVIII.) 
White  pine  is  used  for  floats,  and  white  oak,  ash  and  hickory 
for  the  other  articles  named.    This  material  is  all  home-sfrown. 


LAUNDRY  APPLIANCES. 

The  quantity  of  wood  shown  in  Table  XXXIX  indicates  that 
the  making  of  laundry  accessories  is  not  an  important  industry  in 
Connecticut.  Only  four  woods  are  reported  in  Table  XXXIX. 
Chestnut  and  spruce  are  used  for  making  clothes  reels,  while 
rock  oak  and  longleaf  pine  contribute  the  raw  material  for 
washing  machines. 

BUTCHERS'  BLOCKS. 

Sugar  maple  is  the  only  wood  reported  for  butchers'  blocks. 
(See  Table  XL.)  The  price  paid  indicates  that  the  better  grades 
are  demanded.  Sycamore  is  used  more  than  any  other  wood  for 
meat  blocks  in  other  states,  but  no  Connecticut  manufacturers 
report  using  sycamore  for  this  purpose. 


WOODS  CLASSIFIED  BY  INDUSTRIES. 

The  statistics  shown  in  Table  XLI  afford  a  comprehensive 
review  of  the  distribution  of  the  kinds  of  woods  used  by  the 
Connecticut  manufacturers  and  the  extent  to  which  each  of  the 
twenty-six  industries  purchase  them.  For  example,  all  but  ten 
industries  use  hard  maple,  the  chair  manufacturers  demanding 
the  most — an  amount  equivalent  to  over  55  per  cent,  of  the  total — 


LAUNDRY    APPLIANCES. 


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68       CONNECTICUT   EXPERIMENT   STATION,    BULLETIN    NO.    1 74. 

while  the  box  makers  use  the  least,  about  2  per  cent.  White  pine, 
which  leads  all  other  kinds  of  wood  in  quantity,  is  apportioned 
among'  only  thirteen  industries.  Tulip  poplar  has  the  widest 
demand  of  any  of  the  species;  nineteen -of  the  twenty-six  manu- 
facturers report  using-  it.  White  birch,  dogwood,  persimmon, 
Sitka  spruce,  and  western  pine  are  among  the  woods  reported 
by  only  a  single  factory. 


SUMMARY  OF  AVERAGE  PRICES. 

Table  XLII  has  been  compiled  to  permit  comparison  of  the 
average  cost  per  thousand  feet  of  the  different  kinds  of  wood 
used  by  the  Connecticut  manufacturers,  as  shown  in  the  preceding- 
industry  tables.  The  form  in  which  the  raw  material  is  delivered 
at  the  factory,  whether  in  log,  billet,  bolt,  veneer,  or  lumber; 
the  thickness,  dimension,  grade;  and  the  source,  whether 
imported,  domestic,  etc.,  are  but  some  of  the  causes  of  variation 
in  the  prices  shown.  Under  no  circumstances  should  the  prices 
in  Table  XLII  be  confused  with  market  prices. 


Table  XLI.     Percentage  of  the  Different  Kinds  of  Wood  Used  by  Each  Industry. 


nOMKSTTC    WOODS 


Applewood    

Ash    

Aspen    

Basswood    

Beech    

Birrh,  paper    

eel    

while    



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western  red   

white    

Cherry   

CI  

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id    



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red    

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rlickoi     



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sofl   



white   

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longleaf   

pitch    

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i    

i 

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while 

lip  01    ■■■■'■■       ■    A 



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ftipelo   

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IMPOE  iim     ,\ - 

Boxwood    

Cedar,  Spanish    

Cocobola  

Ebony    

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42.8 


66.7 

100.0 


23.6 

'".6 
73-7 


7-8 
100.0 


37.8 


41.6 
'  2.8 


54 
1 1.5 


49-9 
16.0 


16.5 
•7 


4.6 


3-6 


46.1 


Table  XLII.    Average  Cost  per  iooo  Feet  of  the  Different  Kinds  of  Wood  Used. 


'I       if       h 


All    woods    

DOMESTIC     WOODS 

Applewood   

Arbor  vit£e 

Ash   

Aspen  

Basswood   

Beech   

Birch,  paper  

el   

white    

yellow   

Butternut   

Cedar,  red   

western  red  

white   

Cherry 

Chestnut    

( lottonwood  

Cypress  

Dogwood    

Elm,  rock  

soft     

Fir,  Douglas   

Gum,  black  

red   

Hackmatack 

Hemlock   

Hickory   

Locust   

Maple,  hard  

soft    

I  i .'I .,  red  

while  

■  ii  

Pine,  loblolly  

longleai  

pitch  

shortleai   

sugar    

western  white  

w  estern  yellow  

white   

Poplar,  tulip  01    .. 

Redw 1  

Spruce    

Sitka  

i     

Tupelo   

Walnut,  black 

IMPORTED    WO 

BOXW 1       

Cedar,  Spanish  

Cocobola   

Ebony    

Lignum-vit;c  

Mahogany    

white    

Rosewood   

Teak  

Walnut,  Circassian  


$37.08      $21 


26.43 
30.00 
52.17 
1500 
40.37 
31.70 
20.54 
49-51 
31-70 
30.10 
22.49 
65.00 
45-32 
56.72 
63.62 

ion; 
41.03 
24.00 
3849 
38.25 
46.02 
17.00 

45-28 
73-53 

14-c 


3165 
98.63 
3472 
27.17 
41.20 
■"  11 
17.50 
27.00 
36.10 
1753 
2332 
66.67 
47-38 
45.00 
28.14 
47-57 

:  10 
47.00 
26.25 
19.03 

.10.10 

1  6.0 
264.94 



174.28 
250.00 
225.40 
287.50 
287.44 


16.40 
18.00 


18.00 

55.'"' 


.2.30 


17.00 

10  10 
"'  I 
19.57 


$21.11 


27.58 
31-79 


14.82 

15-00 

20.00 

45-00 

43.35 


13.93 

14.00 

34-50 

11.00 
16.67 


21.86 
2300 

T-7 


1-94 


15.00 

1    04 


$35-73 


$35.92 


27-46 
33.oo 
55.38 
39.92 


$60.94 


46.85 


$35.8i 


32.64 


30.00 
49-00 


28.00 
30.22 
47-35 


37-50 

3532 


146.83 
34069 


$*7.n 


83-33        78.14 
115.54 


$48.70 


39-88 
37-59 


45.23 
23.20 


45-32 
73-80 


34-28 

43-34 
80.00 
26.50 


$35-93 


53-00 

22.00 
18.60 
17-73 
52.00 


22.27 
45-00 


16.00 
25.00 


2369 
74.56 


92.04 
1S4.44 


$33.31 
30.00 
30.40 


41-43 
21.07 
18.23 


20.31 
25.00 


22.40 
19.01 


17.45 

22  Oi 


54-89 


I6/.07 
232.27 


IBO.OO 
285.30 


$27-93 


50.00 
40.00 


$36.17       $39-90 


20.00 
20.00 


65.00 


48.00 
50.56 


35-33 
32.00 


33.04 
64.05 


28.29 


$49-13 


54-00 
48.35 


18.00 
39-69 


88.65 
21.58 


60.00 
41.18 


48.15 


97-04 
109.05 


38.00 


85.23 


59.89 
46.72 


198.37 
53-45 


266.25 
243.60 
312.50 
450.00 


$6573 


66.48 
91.76 


2446 


160.38 


$41.26 


61.32 
31.00 

58.20 


81.78 
35-00 


48.57 


$68.47 
25.00 
20.00 


41.61 
50.67 


57.50 
18.07 


24-93 
25.92 
18.20 


63.61 
48.00 
207.56 


87.62 
114. 51 


$42.87 


58.09 
50.98 


$37-33 


44-92 
75-00 


1 12.31 
37-61 


43-6i 
46.96 


76.54 


54.83 
72.47 

31-64 
32.99 

29.20 
55.64 
46.83 
45.00 
37-49 
60.35 
32.83 
24-47 
47.00 


35-o6 
105.82 


165.96 


70.00 
52-74 


45-00 
9750 


45.00 
45-21 
16.00 

40.54 

58.61 
73-6o 

25.48 

28.08 
20.00 
23.11 
47.91 


39-13 
57-45 


166.67 


$40.93 
25.00 
40.00 


56.72 
60.00 
23-54 


59.82 
54.29 
43-94 


73-53 

25.00 
100.00 
31-43 


37-15 
33-33 


70.54 
49.29 
80.00 
26.6S 


60.00 

100.00 


142.92 
166.92 
250.00 


$27.65 
25.12 

40.00 
31.70 


$22.68 


$39.51 


32.62 


26.65 

40.00 


25.00 
17.50 


62.50 


$48.55 


31.76 

23.00 


20.00 

25.00 


25.81 

33.57 


41.85 

28.25 

30.21 
32.44 

44-77 
65.00 
22.00 


3I-5I 
61.70 


26.71 


$2455       $38.66 


35.00  20.02 

15.00    '     

20.00  20.00 

18.00  20.00 

22.04         


65.00 


20.00 
13-56 


25.00 
25.00 
70.00 


12.00 
25-07 
22.00 


S9.84 


158.18 


287.50 


APPENDIX. 


WOOD  USES  BY  SPECIES. 

DOMESTIC  WOODS. 


Gauges 

n~mjii>  vv  \j\ju. 

Planes 

Handles 

Tool  Handles 

Knees  (Small  Boats) 

ASH. 

Ammunition  Boxes 

Oyster  Tongs 

Auto  Bodies 

Piano  Keys 

Auto  Body  Frames 

Picker  Sticks 

Auto  Bows 

Plow  Beams 

Auto  Frames 

Plow  Pins 

Automobile  Pillars 

Plow  Rungs 

Auto  Running  Boards 

Polo  Sticks 

Battery  Boxes 

Press  Platforms   (Printing) 

Bent  Work  (Carriages) 

Printing  Press  Parts 

Bent  Work  (Special) 

Rakes 

Bonnet  Sills  (Autos) 

Reaches 

Buggy  Sills 

Shafts 

Cabinet  Makers'  Clamps 

Sills  (Vehicle)   Bodies 

Cabinet  Work 

Spring  Bars 

Cattle  Stanchions 

Stable  Forks 

Cotton  Gins 

Stair-work 

Cushion  Frames 

Store  Fixtures 

Flails 

Tackle  Blocks 

Gears  (Vehicle) 

Trucks 

Handles 

Truck  Body  Frames 

Handles   (Edge  Tools) 

Truck  Bows 

Handles   (Engravers'  Tools) 

Wagon  (Gear  Parts) 

Handles  (File) 

Wagon  Bodies 

Hockey  Sticks 

Wagon  Jacks 

Interior  Finish 

Wagon  Parts 

Ladder  Rounds 

Wagon  Poles 

Office  Fixtures 

Wagon  Shafts 

ASPEN. 

Boxes 

Crates 

Cloth  Shells  (Cotton) 

70       CONNECTICUT    EXPERIMENT    STATION,    BULLETIN    NO.    1 74. 


Bent  Vehicle  Parts 

Boxes 

Carriage  Bodies   (Panels) 

Chest  Bottoms 

Cigar  Boxes 

Clock  Cases 

Cotton  Gins 

Couch  Frames 

Crates 

Drawer  Bottoms 

File  Handles 

Handles 

Handles  (Engravers'  Tools) 

Handles  (File) 

Handles  (Trowel) 


BASSWOOD. 

Keys   (Piano) 
Music  Cabinets 
Organ  Frames 
Organ  Keys 
Packing  Boxes 
Piano  Keys 
Plumbs   (Mechanic's) 
Rails   (Piano) 
Record  Cabinets 
Rubber  Type  Boxes 
Shelves   (Desk) 
Tool  Boxes 
Toys 

Trays   (Enamelling) 
Vial  Boxes 


Brush  Backs 
Brush  Handles 
Coal  Sieves 
Drawer  Knobs 
Handles  (Hay  Fork) 
Handles  (Pitch  Fork) 
Handles   (Small) 
Hand  Screws 


Auto  Accessories 

Brush  Backs 

Brush  Handles 

Cabinet  Backs 

Cabinet  Shelves 

Chair  Frames  (Rattan) 

File  Handles 

Handles 

Handles   (Edge  Tools) 

Handles   (Engravers'  Tools) 

Handles   (File) 

Action  Parts  (Organs) 
Backing  Electrotypes 
Cabinet  Work 
Cases  (Organ) 
Clock  Cases   (Cabinet) 
Cutting  Board  Straps 
Doors  Board 


BEECH. 

Knife  Handles 
Nitre  Boxes 
.Novelty  Turnings 
Planes 
Rug  Poles 
Rulers 
Truck  Platforms 

birch   (paper)  . 
Knobs 

Lawn  Mower  Rolls 
Music  Cabinets 
Paper  Plugs 
Piano  Benches 
Piano  Stools 
Rails   (Piano) 
Rug  Poles 
Tool  Handles 
Toys 

BIRCH     (SWEET). 

Interior  Finish 

Office  Fixtures 

Piano  Cases 

Piano  Keys 

Stair-work 

Store  Fixtures 

Window  Frames   (Vehicle) 


APPENDIX. 


71 


I    Collets 

Laundry  Buttons 
Rolls  (Braid) 

Action  Parts   (Organ) 

Agricultural  Implements 

Auto  Accessories 

Cabinet  Work 

Chairs 

Coal  Sieves 

Doors 

Drawers 

Drawer  Knobs 

Faucets 

Handles 

Harrow  Parts 

House  Trimmings 

Interior  Finish 


BIRCH     (WHITE  OR   GRAY) . 

Small  Handles 
Spools  (Silk) 

birch   (yf.llow). 
Knobs 

Lawn  Mower  Rolls 
Music  'Cabinets 
Novelty  Turnings 
Organ  Rack  Pins 
Piano  Benches 
Piano  Legs 
Piano  Stools 
Press  Table  (Printing) 
Small  Handles 
Spools  (Wire) 
Tool  Handles 
Truck  Platforms 
Ventilators 


BUTTERNUT. 


Agricultural  Implements 
Cabinet  Work 
Handles 


Organ  Pipe  Feet 
Organ  Pipe  Gates 
Patterns 


Interior  Finish 
Caskets 

Launches   (Siding) 


Cabinet  Work 

Doors 

Fixtures   (Office) 

Backing  Electrotypes 
Base  Knobs 
Cabinet  Work 
Cases  (Organ) 
Chisel  Handles 
Handles 

Handles  (Chisel) 
House  Trimmings 
Interior  Finish 
Levels 
Metronomes 


CEDAR    (NORTHERN    WHITE) . 

CEDAR    (RED).      ■ 
CEDAR    (SOUTHERN   WHITE). 

Planking  (Boat) 

CEDAR    (WESTERN   RED). 

Interior  Finish 
Screen  Door  Frames 

CHERRY. 

Mouldings 

Patterns 

Piano  Benches 

Piano  Keys 

Piano  Parts 

Plumbs 

Rubber  Stamp  Moulding 

School  Desks 

School  Seats 

Show  Case  Frames 

Window  Frames   (Vehicle) 


72       CONNECTICUT   EXPERIMENT    STATION,    BULLETIN    NO.    1 74. 


CHESTNUT. 


Agricultural  Implements 

Boxes 

Burial  Cases 

Cabinet  Work 

Cart  Body  Sides 

Caskets 

Casket  Handles 

Clock  Cases 

Clock  Cases   (Kitchen) 

Clock  Cases  (Office) 

Clothes  Reels 

Coal  Barges 

Coffins 

Coffin  Boxes 

Coil  Cases 

Cotton  Gins 

Couch  Frames 

Crates 

Display  Cabinets 

Door  Frames 

Exterior  Finish 

Foundry  Flasks 

Frames   (Barges) 

Interior  Finish 


Interior  Frames 

Launches 

Linings  (Auto) 

Machine  Tables 

Mouldings 

Organ  Pipe  Handles 

Panel  Cores 

Paper  Plugs 

Piano  Cases 

Piano  Case  (Cores) 

Post  Office  Fixtures 

Printing  Presses 

Settees 

Shelves 

Shelves  (Desk) 

Show  Case  Bases 

Show  Case  Shelving 

Stair-work 

Store  Fixtures 

Swings 

Timber  (Ship) 

Tool  Chests 

Trimmings 

Window  Frames 


Electric  Fixture  Blocks 


COTTONWOOD. 

Woven  Wire  Boxes 


Bodies   (Vehicle) 
Cabinet  Work 
Casings 
Coal  Barges 
Cornice  Work 
Doors 

Door  Frames 
Exterior  Finish 
House  Trimmings 
Interior  Finish 
Joiner-work  (Ship) 
Launches 
Machinery  Parts 


Mouldings 

Organ  Pipes 

Panels  (Organ) 

Rendering  Cars 

Sash 

Sink  Boards 

Stair- work 

Steps 

Tanks 

Trimmings 

Vats 

Window  Frames 


Knife  Handles 


DOGWOOD. 


APPENDIX. 


73 


Bent  Work 
Cigar  Boxes 
File  Handles 
Frames  (Vehicle) 


Bent  Work  (Carriages) 
Harrow  Parts 
Hubs 
Ox  Yokes 

Bent  Work  (Carriages) 
Frames   (Vehicle) 
Handles 

Agricultural  Implements 
Boat  Bottoms 
Cabinet  Work 
Columns 
Decking  (Boats) 
Doors 


ELM,  ROCK    (CORK). 

Hubs 
Ox  Yokes 
Piano  Cases 
Woven  Wire  Boxes 

ELM,   ROCK    (SLIPPERY). 

Piano  Backs 
Sieve  Rims 
Woven  Wire  Boxes 

ELM,    SOFT    (WHITE). 

Piano  Benches 
Piano  Stools 

FIR,   DOUGLAS. 

House  Trimmings 
Interior  Finish 
Ladders   (Fire  Department) 
Planking  (Boat) 

Skiffs 
Spars 


GUM,   COTTON   OR  TUPELO. 

House  Trimmings 

Shipping  Cases   (Wire  Bound) 


Boxing 
Cabinet  Work 
Cigar  Boxes 

GUM,    WATER  OR  BLACK 

Shipping  Cases  (Wire  Bound) 


Ship  Knees 
Box  Shooks 

Agricultural  Implements 
Axe  Handles 
.Axle  Beds 
Auto  Parts 
Auto  Top  Bows 
Cabinet  Work 
Chisel  Handles 
Drop  Hammer  Pins 
Eveners 
Flails 

Gears  (Vehicle) 
Gouge  Handles 


HACKMATACK. 


HEMLOCK. 


HICKORY. 

Hammer  Handles 
Handles 
Hand  Screws 
Hockey  Sticks 
Mallets 

Masons'  Levels 
Mast  Hoops 
Novelty  Turnings 
Ox  Bows 
Pick  Handles 
Picker  Sticks 
Polo  Sticks 


74      CONNECTICUT   EXPERIMENT    STATION,    BULLETIN    NO.    174. 


Rakes 

Reaches 

Rims 

Sledge  Handles 

Spokes 

Spring  Bars 

Stable  Forks 

Sweep  Stakes 

Tool  Handles 

Novelty  Turnings 


Trucks 

Truck  Frames 
Truck  Poles 
Yard  Sticks 
Wagons 
Wagon  Jacks 
Wagon  Parts 
Whiffle  Trees 

LOCUST. 

Tree  Nails 


MAPLE,    SOFT. 


Agricultural  Implements 

Box  Shooks 

Clock  Cases 

Faucets 

File  Handles 

Handles 

Handles   (Edge  Tools) 

Handles  (Engravers'  Tools) 

Harrow  Parts 

Action  Parts  (Organ) 

Agricultural  Implements 

Automobile  Frames 

Automobile  Panels 

Bent  Work  (Carriages) 

Brush  Backs 

Brush  Handles 

Bridges   (Piano) 

Butchers'  Blocks 

Case  Cores  (Organ) 

Cattle  Stanchions 

Clock  Cases 

Coal  Sieves 

Cotton  Gins 

Couch  Frames 

Cutter  Sticks 

Cutting  Boards 

Drawers 

Drawer  Knobs 

Draw  Knife  Handles 

Electrical  Appliances 

Faucets 

Feed  Boards   (Printing  Press) 

Flooring 


Knobs 

Lawn  Mower  Rolls 
Organ  Fittings 
Organ  Pipes  \ 
Paper  Plugs 
Tool  Handles 
Piano  Benches 
Piano  Stools 

MAPLE,   HARD. 

Folding  Chairs 

Gear  Logs 

Handles 

Han'dles  (Edge  Tools) 

Handles   (Engravers'  Tools) 

Handles   (File) 

Harrow  Parts 

Humidor  Cabinets 

Inside  Finish   (Vehicles) 

Interior  Finish  (Houses) 

Knobs 

Letter  Filing  Cabinets 

Machinery  Parts 

Mill  Boards 

Motor  Trucks 

Music  Cabinets 

Novelties   (Small) 

Organ  Rack  Pins 

Organ  Stock  Rods 

Ox  Yokes 

Phonograph  Cabinets 

Piano  Action 

Piano  Benches 

Piano  Cases 


APPENDIX. 


75 


Piano  Stools 

Pin  Blocks   (Piano) 

Printing  Presses 

Rug  Poles 

Rulers 

School  Desks 

School  Seats 

Sewing  Machine  Cabinets 

Shelves 

Sled  Shoes 


Agricultural  Implements 

Auto  Parts 

Cabinet  Work 

Carts 

Caskets 

Clock  Cases 

Clock  Cases   (Kitchen) 

Clock  Cases  (Office) 

Coal  Barges 

Coal  Screens 

Couch  Frames 

Drawer  Knobs 

Electrical  Appliances 

Electrical  Equipment 

Electric  Fixture  Blocks 

Furniture  Knobs 

Handles 

Harrow  Frames 

House  Trimmings 

Humidor  Cabinets 


Agricultural  Implements 

Auto  Bodies 

Axe  Handles 

Axle  Beds 

Bath  Room  Fixtures 

Bent  Sleigh  Stock 

Bent  Work  (Carriages) 

Bits   (Ship) 

Body  Sills   (Vehicles) 

Cabinets 

Cabinet  Work 

Cafe  Fixtures 

Carling  (Boat) 

Carts 


Spools   (Wire) 
Thread  Cabinets 
Tool  Handles 
Tumbling  Barrels 
Tumbling  Barrel  Linings 
Truck  Platforms 
Work  Stands 
Woven  Wire  Boxes 
Wrest  Plank  (Piano) 
Yard  Sticks 

OAK,  RED. 

Interior  Finish 

Knobs 

Letter  Filing  Cabinets 

Novelty  Turnings 

Phonograph  Cabinets 

Piano  Benches 

Piano  Stools 

Post  Office  Fixtures 

Rims 

Sewing  Machine  Cabinets 

Stair-work 

Store  Fixtures 

Thread  Cabinets 

Tool  Chests 

Trucks 

Truck  Handles 

Truck  Platforms 

Wagons     • 

Wagon  Parts 

Wagon  Poles 

OAK,   WHITE. 

Cases   (Organ) 

Cattle  Stanchions 

Chairs 

Chimney  Bracket  Arms 

Clock  Cases 

Coal  Barges 

Combings   (Ship) 

Couch  Frames 

Deadwood  Stems 

Decks   (Boats) 

Desk  Tops 

Display  Cases 

Door  Sills 

Electrical  Appliances 


76       CONNECTICUT    EXPERIMENT    STATION,    BULLETIN    NO.    1 74. 


Electrical  Equipment 
Electric  Fixture  Blocks 
Engine  Beds  (Boats) 
Extension  Ladder  Bars 
Felloes 

Frames   (Boats) 
Frames  (Wagon) 
Furniture  Knobs 
Harrow  Frames 
Heavy  Gears 
Hockey  Sticks 
Humidor  Cabinets 
Interior  Finish 
Keels  (Boats) 
Ladder  Rounds 
Launches 

Letter  Filing  Cabinets 
Mast  Hoops 
Motor  Trucks 
Newspaper  Files 
Office  Fixtures 
Office  Partitions 
Ox  Bows 

Phonograph  Cabinets 
Piano  Cases 
Piano  Stools 
Picker  Sticks 
Pick  Handles 
Planking  (Ship) 
Plow  Handles 
Plow  Rungs 
Plow  Pins 
Plumbers'  Wood-work 


Polo  Sticks 

Porch  Swing  Slats 

Post  Office  Fixtures 

Postners   (Ship) 

Ribs  (Boat) 

Rims 

Scraper  Backs   (Roads) 

Scraper  Handles   (Roads) 

Sewing  Machine  Cabinets 

Sheer  Strakes   (Ship) 

Show-case  Frames 

Sledge  Handles 

Special  Furniture 

Spokes 

Stable  Forks 

Stairs 

Stair-work 

Store  Fixtures 

Swings 

Tables 

Thread  Cabinets 

Timbers   (Ship) 

Trucks 

Truck  Parts 

Ventilators 

Wagons 

Wagon  Bodies 

Wagon  Poles 

Wagon  Shafts 

Wagon-work 

Washboards   (Ship) 

Washing  Machines 

Whiffle  Trees 


Shuttles 

Auto  Bodies 

Auto  Construction 

Auto  Running  Boards 

Bodies   (Vehicle) 

Bottom  Boards   (Auto) 

Boxes 

Cabinet  Work 

Coal  Barges 

Cotton  Gins 

Crates 


PERSIMMON. 
PINE,   LOBLOLLY. 

Crating 
Display  Arms 
Doors 

Dump  Carts 
House  Trimmings 
Interior  Finish 
Joiner-work 
Mouldings 
Panels  (Carriage) 
Piano  Cases 


APPENDIX. 


77 


Pulley  Stiles 

Sash 

Sheathing  (Ship) 

Stair-work 

Swell  Boxes   (Organ) 

Boat  Planking 
Box  Ends 
Clamps  (Boats) 
Coal  Barges 
Cotton  Gins 
Crates 

Exterior  Finish 
Framing  (Boats) 

Boxes 

Box  Shooks 


Trimmings 
Wagon  Bodies 
Wagon  Floors 
Window  Jambs 

PINE,   LONGLEAF. 

Interior  Finish 
Keelsons 
Packing  Cases 
Planking   (Ship) 
Silo  Staves 
Stringers   (Boats) 
Washing  Machines 

PINE,   PITCH. 

Dressed  Boards 
Packing  Cases 


Cabinet  Work 


PINE,    SHORTLEAF. 

Interior  Finish 


PINE,    SUGAR. 

Action  Parts   (Organs)  Keys   (Piano) 

Blinds  Organ  Pipes 

Doors  Sash 
Interior  Finish 

PINE,    WESTERN    WHITE    (iDAHO    WHITE). 

Cabinet  Work  Patterns 

Doors  Sash 

House  Trimmings  Shelves 

Mouldings  Window  Frames 


Doors 


PINE,   WESTERN   YELLOW. 

Sash 


PINE,    WHITE. 


Action  Parts   (Organs) 

Agricultural  Implements 

Balusters 

Blinds 

Blocks   (Piano) 

Box  Shooks 

Burial  Cases 

Cabinet  Work 

Cabins    (Boat) 

Cable  Reels 


Case  Cores   (Organs) 
Casket  Handles 
Clock  Backs 
Clothes  Boards 
Coal  Barges 
Coffin  Boxes 
Crates 

Crayon  Boxes 
Decking  (Boat) 
Exterior  Finish 


78       CONNECTICUT   EXPERIMENT    STATION,    BULLETIN    NO.    1 74. 


Fishing  Floats 

Fixtures   (Office) 

Foundry  Flasks 

Handles 

Handles   (Edge  Tools) 

Handles   (Engravers'  Tools) 

Handles   (File) 

Hat  Cases 

Interior  Finish 

Joiner-work 

Machinery  Parts 

Models 

Mouldings 

Outside  Cornice 

Packing  Boxes 

Pallets 

Pallet  Racks 

Patterns 


Piano  Cases 

Porch  Columns 

Rails   (Stairs) 

Sash 

Show-case  Bases 

Show-case  Shelves 

Siding 

Silver  Ware  Blocks 

Silver  Ware  Boxes 

Small  Boats 

Sounding  Board  Ribs 

Stair-work 

Store  Fixtures 

Tanks 

Toys 

Window  Frames 

Wire  Reels 


POPLAR,    YELLOW    (WHITEWOOD). 


Action  Parts   (Organ  or  Piano) 

Ammunition  Boxes 

Auto  Bodies 

Auto  Body  Panels 

Auto  Frames 

Automobile  Panels 

Baby  Carriage  Bodies 

Bent  Work  (Carriages) 

Berths  (Boat) 

Bodies   (Vehicle) 

Bungs   (Barrel) 

Cabinet  Work 

Caskets 

Cigar  Boxes 

Clock  Cases 

Coal  Barges 

Coal  Sieves 

Cotton  Gins 

Couch  Frames 

Counters 

Cutting  Board  Straps 

Crating 

Crayon  Box  Cases 

Doors 

Door  Frames 

Electrical  Appliances 

Electric  Fixture  Blocks 

Enamel  Clock  Cases 


Enamel  Work 

File  Handles 

Filler  Strips 

Folder  Boards 

Handles 

Handles   (Edge  Tools) 

Handles   (Engravers'  Tools) 

Handles   (File) 

Hat  Blocks 

Hat  Flanges 

House  Trimmings 

Humidor  Cabinets 

Interior  Finish 

Letter  Filing  Cabinets 

Machine  Skids 

Masons'  Levels 

Motor  Trucks 

Novelty  Turnings 

Office  Fixtures 

Organ  Pipe  Feet 

Organ  Pipe  Handles 

Panels 

Panels   (Carriages) 

Phonograph  Cabinets 

Piano  Cases 

Pillars   (Auto) 

Platten  Cores    (Typewriters) 

Post  Office  Fixtures 


APPENDIX. 


79 


Rubber  Stamp  Pads 

Sewing  Machine  Cabinets 

Shelves   (Desks) 

Show-cases 

Show-case  Shelving 

Spools  (Goldleaf) 

Stair-work 

Store  Fixtures 

Thread  Cabinets 

Toys 

Tray  (Enamelling) 

Cabinet  Work 
Cigar  Boxes 
Clock  Cases 
Electrical  Appliances 
Electric  Fixture  Blocks 
Embossed  Trimmings   (Clocks) 
Gun  Stocks 
House  Trimmings 


Trimmings 

Trucks 

Turnings 

Vial  Boxes 

Wagons 

Wagon  Bodies 

Wagon  Seats 

Wagon  Work 

Window  Frames 

Wood  Rolls   (Paper  Machinery) 


RED   GUM. 


Interior  Finish 
•"Humidor  Cabinets 
Letter  Filing  Cabinets 
Phonograph  Cabinets 
Piano  Cases 

Sewing  Machine  Cabinets 
Stair-work 
Thread  Cabinets 


Cabinet  Work 
Doors 

Blocking 

Boxes 

Bulk  Heads  (Ship) 

Cable  Reels 

Canopy  Tops  (Boats) 

Carpenters'  Brackets 

Carriages 

Chimney  Brackets 

Clothes  Reels 

Coal  Barges 

Crates 

Door  Frames 

Extension  Trestles 

Exterior  Finish 

Flooring 

Foundry  Flasks 

Hat  Cases 

Hat  Case  Ends 

Hatches   (Barges) 

Cabinet  Work 


REDWOOD. 

Fixtures   (Office) 

SPRUCE. 

Interior  Finish 
Joiner-work  (Ship) 
Ladders 
Lawn  Settees 
Lawn  Swings 
Pallet  Racks 
Piano  Cases 
Silver  Ware  Blocks 
Silver  Ware  Boxes 
Sounding  Boards 
Spars 
Stair-work 
Step  Ladders 
Templets  (Boats) 
Trimmings 
Window  Frames 
Wire  Reels 
Work  Boxes 

SPRUCE,    SITKA. 

Doors 


80       CONNECTICUT   EXPERIMENT   STATION,    BULLETIN    NO.    1 74. 


Boxes 


SYCAMORE. 

Finish   (Boats) 

WALNUT,   BLACK. 


Cabinet  Work 

Clock  Cases 

Coil  Cases 

Cylinder  Heads 

Electrical  Appliances 

Fore-end  Blanks   (Fire-arms) 

Gun  Stocks 

Humidor  Cabinets 

Knobs 

Letter  Filing  Cabinets 

Newspaper  Files 


Novelties 

Phonograph  Cabinets 

Piano  Cases 

Piano  Legs 

Pistol  Stocks 

Rifle  Stocks 

Sewing  Machine  Cabinets 

Thread  Cabinets 

Tool  Boxes 

Tool  Chests 

Window  Frames   (Auto) 


Fork  Handles 
Gauges 
Gun  Rods 
Knife  Handles 

Cigar  Boxes 

Bit  Brace  Heads 
Carpenters'  Tools 
Fork  Handles 


FOREIGN  WOODS. 

BOXWOOD. 

Planes 

Rules 

Sharps   (Piano) 

CEDAR,    SPANISH. 
COCOBOLA. 

Handles 
Knife  Handles 
Tool  Handles 


Fork  Handles 
Keys  (Organ) 
Knife  Handles 

Bit  Brace  Handles 
Bit  Brace  Heads 
Castor  Rolls 

Auto  Bodies 
Auto  Dash  Boards 
Auto  Fixtures 
Auto  Panels 
Bank  Fixtures 
Bar  Tops 
Cabinet  Work 
Caskets 


EBONY. 

Organ  Stop  Knobs 
Sharps   (Piano) 

LIGNUM-VIT^. 

Mallets 

Stern  Bearings 

MAHOGANY. 

Clock  Cases 

Couch  Frames 

Counter  Tops 

Crating 

Desks 

Electrical  Appliances 

Electrical  Equipment 

Furniture  Knobs 


APPENDIX. 


Gauges 

Gear  Frames   (Vehicle) 

Handles 

House  Trimmings 

Humidor  Cabinets 

Interior  Finish 

Joiner-work  (Ship) 

Knobs 

Launches 

Letter  Filing  Cabinets 

Levels 

Mantles 

Models 

Office  Fixtures 

Organ  Cases 

Panels 

Patterns 

Fine  Finish   (Boats) 

Carpenters'  Tools 
Clock  Cases 
Gauges 
Handles 


Phonograph  Cabinets 

Piano  Benches 

Piano  Cases 

Piano  Legs 

Piano  Stools 

Planking  (Ship) 

Sewing  Machine  Cabinets 

Show-case-  Frames 

Special  Furniture 

Stair-work 

Steering  Wheels   (Ship) 

Store  Fixtures 

Table  Tops 

Thread  Cabinets 

Trimmings   (Auto) 

Window  Frames   (Auto) 

MAHOGANY,   WHITE. 
ROSEWOOD. 

Levels 

Organ  Stop  Knobs 

Planes 

Tool  Handles 


Rails  (Boats) 

Auto  Dashes 
Auto  Frames 


TEAK. 
WALNUT,   CIRCASSIAN. 

Piano  Cases 
Pistol  Stocks 


DIRECTORY. 

Below  is  a  list  of  the  wood-using  manufacturers  who  supplied 
the  data  contained  in  this  report.  If  there  are  any  names  missing 
from  this  Directory  it  is  because  they  did  not  answer  the  request 
for  information  or  else  they  are  not  in  an  industry  converting 
lumber  into  products  in  final  form.  The  addresses  of  those  manu- 
facturing several  products  classified  under  different  industries 
will  appear  in  the  list  under  more  than  one  industry. 

AGRICULTURAL  IMPLEMENTS. 

The  Torrey  Brothers  Company Central  Village 

W.  S.  Danielson   Danielson 

The  Cutaway  Harrow  Company  Higganum 

The  Rogers  Rake  Company  New  Hartford 

J.  B.  Tatem  &  Son Putnam 

W.  &  H.  Bronson  Roxbury 

Charles  Gilbert  Stepney  Depot 

BOXES  AND  CRATES. 

A.  H.  Lavietes  &  Company Andover 

*W.  H.  Thompson  Ansonia 

*H.  W.  Woodford    Avon 

*H.  C.  Hoffman  &  Company  Bridgeport 

Locomobile  Company  of  America Bridgeport 

The  Sewing  Machine  Cabinet  Company  Bridgeport 

The  Wheel  &  Wood  Bending  Company Bridgeport 

The  E.  Ingraham  Company  Bristol 

Horatio  Kelsey  Clinton 

The  Collins  Company  Collinsville 

*Isaac  Armstrong  &  Company Danbury 

*The  Clark  Box  Company    Danbury 

*The  Hine  Box  &  Printing  Company   Danbury 

Pratt,  Read  &  Company Deep  River 

*The  East  Hartford  Lumber  &  Ladder  Company East  Hartford 

George  M.  Weld  East  River 

Ellington  Basket  Company  Ellington 

The  Sessions  Clock  Company   Forestville 

The  O.  D.  Case  Company Guilford 

Austin  Organ  Company  Hartford 

Colts  Patent  Fire-arms  Manufacturing  Company  Hartford 

*  Make  boxes  or  shooks  for  sale. 


APPENDIX.  83 

The  Columbia  Motor  Car  Company Hartford 

Crase  &  Johnson Hartford 

The  National  Machine  Company  Hartford 

The  Pope  Manufacturing  Company   Hartford 

The  Pope  Manufacturing  Company  West  Works Hartford 

*J.  W.  Rockwell  &  Son  Hartford 

*Amos  D.  Bridge's  Sons,  Inc Hazardville 

*The  Dodd  Cooperage  Company  Meriden 

Meriden  Cutlery  Company  Meriden 

*The  Charles  Parker  Company   ,  Meriden 

The  Vocalion  Organ  Company Meriden 

*J.  Dudley Mystic 

The  American  Hardware  Corporation  New  Britain 

The  John    Pinches   Company New  Britain 

*D.  C.  Beardsley New  Haven 

J.  F.  Goodrich  &  Company New  Haven 

The  Hemming  Brothers   Company    New  Haven 

*The  Hubbell  &  Merwin  Company New  Haven 

Manning  &  Conger  New  Haven 

The  New  Haven  Clock  Company   New  Haven 

The  New  Haven  Machinery  Company  New  Haven 

*New  Haven  Wire  Bound  Box  Company New  Haven 

Samuel  K.  Page   New  Haven 

Rattan  Manufacturing  Company New  Haven 

Sargent  &  Company   New  Haven 

E.  B.  Sheldon  Company  New  Haven 

H.  G.  Shepard  &  Sons   New  Haven 

Standard  Wash  Tray  Company New  Haven 

The  Wilbur  Corporation  New  Haven 

Winchester  Repeating  Arms  Company New 'Haven 

The  Brown  Cotton  Gin  Company  New  London 

*W.  L.  Roe,  Jr New  London 

D.  E.  Whiton  Company New  London 

The  Chapin-Stephens  Company  Pine  Meadow 

J.  B.  Tatem  &  Son Putnam 

*F.  W.  Bradley  Rockville 

James  Swan  Company  Seymour 

The  Huntington  Piano  Company  Shelton 

Whitcomb  Metallic  Bedstead  Company,  Pioneer  Works  Shelton 

Whit'lock  Printing  Press  Company  Shelton 

Peck,  Stow  &  Wilcox  Company  Southington 

*Knapp  Box  Company  South  Norwalk 

Sealshipt  Oyster  System  South  Norwalk 

*The  C.  S.  Trowbridge  Company South  Norwalk 

Cheney  Brothers South  Manchester 

The  Smith  &  Winchester  Manufacturing  Company  South  Windham 

*  Make  boxes  or  shooks  for  sale. 


84      CONNECTICUT   EXPERIMENT   STATION,    BULLETIN    NO.    1 74. 

*Preble  &  Bumstead Stafford  Springs 

Seth  Thomas  Clock  Company  Thomaston 

The  Jennings  &  Griff  en  Manufacturing  Company  Tracy  P.  O. 

Waterbury  Clock  Company  Waterbury 

C.  B.  Cottrell  &  Sons  Company  Westerly 

Windham  Handle  Company   Willimantic 

The  George  P.  Clark  Company Windsor  Locks 

Wm.  L.  Gilbert  Clock  Company   Winsted 

*The  Tiffany  &  Pickett  Company  Winsted 

Winsted  Manufacturing  Company Winsted 

♦Still  River  Box  Shop  Woodstock  Valley 

BUTCHERS'  BLOCKS. 

J.  W.  Curtiss Ansonia 

W.  S.  Danielson  Danielson 

A.  Bowe  &  Son  Meriden 

CHAIRS. 

The  Charles  Parker  Company Meriden 

The  Vocalion  Organ  Company Meriden 

Rattan  Manufacturing  Company New  Haven 

Metropolitan  Chair  Company New  Haven 

The  B.  J.  Harrison  Sons  Company Winsted 

The  John  W.  Roe  Estate  Winsted 

CIGAR  BOXES. 

The  Bronson  &  Robinson  Company  Hartford 

Carl  G.  A.  Gruettke New  Haven 

Chas.  S.  St.  John South  Norwalk 

H.  S.  Cowles  &  Sons  Suffield 

CLOCKS. 

The  E.  Ingraham  Company Bristol 

The  Sessions  Clock  Company Forestville 

The  New  Haven  Clock  Company New  Haven 

Seth  Thomas  Clock  Company  Thomaston 

Waterbury  Clock  Company  Waterbury 

Wm.  L.  Gilbert  Clock  Company   Winsted 

FIRE  ARMS. 

Colts  Patent  Fire  Arms  Manufacturing  Company  Hartford 

Meriden  Fire  Arms  Company Meriden 

Parker  Brothers Meriden 

Winchester  Repeating  Arms  Company  New  Haven 

The  Marlin  Firearms  Company New  Haven 

Union  Hardware  Company    Torrington 

0*  Make  boxes  or  shooks  for  sale. 


APPENDIX.  85 

FIXTURES. 

Wm.  Ellis    Bethel 

The  Sewing  Machine  Cabinet  Company  Bridgeport 

Hoffman  Show  Case  Company Bridgeport 

James  H.  S.  Jones  Bridgeport 

Essex  Wood  Turning  Company  Essex 

The  O.  D.  Case  Company  Guilford 

L.  F.  Dettenborn  Wood  Working  Company  Hartford 

Robt.  T.  Alcorn  Hartford 

The  American  Hardware  Corporation   New  Britain 

Chas.  E.  Griffiths  New  Haven 

A.  E.  Bradley  Company New  Haven 

FURNITURE. 

Essex  Wood  Turning  Company  Essex 

The  Sperry  &  Amos  Company  New  Haven 

Eastern  Lounge  Company New  Milford 

Union  Hardware  Company Torrington 

Connecticut  Screen  &  Cabinet  Company  Yalesville 

HANDLES. 

E.  W.  Buell Andover 

Frank  L.  Smith   Baltic  R.  F.  D. 

W.  H.  Kelsey Bristol 

A.  A.  Lowrey   Bristol 

Joseph  Masack   Bristol 

Fayette  Wightman Bristol 

The  Torrey  Brothers  Company  Central  Village 

Horatio  Kelsey Clinton 

Wm.  R.  Hartigan  Collinsville 

H.  G.  Jones Deep  River 

The  Rogers  Brush  Works  Deep  River 

Biglow   Brothers    Litchfield 

Meriden  Cutlery  Company Meriden 

H.  A.  Smith  Milford 

Landers,  Frary  &  Clark New  Britain 

Stanley  Rule  &  Level  Company New  Britain 

The  Rogers  Lake  Company New  Hartford 

Sargent  &  Company New  Haven 

E.  L.  Walker    New  Haven 

Seymour  Smith  &  Son Oakville 

Chas.  I.  Allen Pequabuck 

The  Chapin-Stephens  Company Pine  Meadow 

Bates  &  Warfield Plainville 

J.  B.  Tatem  &  Son  Putnam 

James  Swan  Company   Seymour 


86       CONNECTICUT   EXPERIMENT   STATION,    BULLETIN    NO.    1 74. 

Peck,  Stow  &  Wilcox  Company  Southington 

Windham  Handle  Company South  Windham 

Union  Hardware  Company  ....!... Torrington 

The  Jennings  &  Griff  en  Manufacturing  Company  Tracy  P.  O. 

Eastern  Wood  Working  Company Wallingford 

F.  B.  Smith  &  Sons  Warrenville 

James  H.  Harry West  Cheshire 

B.  P.  Mervin  Wood  Turning  Works  Westport 

J.  M.  Tatem  Handle  Company  Willimantic 

The  Winsted  Edge  Tool  Works  Winsted 

C.  I.  Yale  Manufacturing  Company Yalesville 

INSTRUMENTS,    PROFESSIONAL   AND   SCIENTIFIC. 

Prentice  Manufacturing  Company  Bridgeport 

Stanley  Rule  &  Level  Company  New  Britain 

Sargent  &  Company New  Haven 

The  Wilbur  Corporation   New  Haven 

D.  E.  Whiton  Company New  London 

The  Chapin-Stephens  Company Pine  Meadow 

C.  M.  &  E.  B.  Kent  Putnam 

Peck,  Stow  &  Wilcox  Company Southington 

Union  Hardware  Company  Torrington 

The  Upson  Nut  Company  Unionville 

LAUNDRY  APPLIANCES. 

The  East  Hartford  Lumber  &  Ladder  Company  East  Hartford 

Bishop  Ladder  Company Hartford 

Geo.  C.  Wilcox Winsted 

MACHINERY  AND  APPARATUS,  ELECTRICAL. 

The  N.  J.  Patrick  Corporation  Derby 

Bates  &  Warfield Plainville 

Union  Hardware  Company  Torrington 

MACHINERY  AND  APPARATUS,  NOT  ELECTRICAL. 

The  Ball  &  Socket  Company Cheshire 

Turner  Machine  Company Danbury 

A.  Gilbert  &  Sons  Derby 

Brown  Cotton  Gin  Company  New  London 

Cheney  Brothers  South  Manchester 

The  Smith  &  Winchester  Manufacturing  Company South  Windham 

MISCELLANEOUS. 

Olmstead-Thompson  Manufacturing  Company  Berlin 

N.  Buckingham  &  Company,  Inc Bridgeport 

The  Sewing  Machine  Cabinet  Company  Bridgeport 

Clayton  Cooperage  Company Canaan 


APPENDIX.  «7 

W.  L.  Sahf ord  Canaan 

The  Torrey  Brothers  Company  Central  Village 

Norman  P.  Little   East  Hartford 

The  Brewing  Appliance  Specialty  Company Hartford 

Hartford  Burial  Case  Company  Hartford 

C.  O.  Jelliff  &  Company New  Canaan 

Sargent  &  Company New  Haven 

Chas.  I.  Allen Pequabuck 

Geo.  W.  Smith  &  Son  South  Canterbury 

The  W.  N.  Craw  Manufacturing  Company  South  Norwalk 

Chas.  Gilbert Stepney  Depot 

Union  Hardware  Company Torrington 

L.  D.  &  E.  E.  Hoyt Unionville 

B.  P.  Mervin  Wood  Turning  Works Westport 

MUSICAL  INSTRUMENTS. 

Denison  Bros Deep  River 

Pratt,  Read  &  Company  Deep  River 

The  Sterling  Company Derby 

Austin  Organ  Company   Hartford 

The  Comstock  Cheney  Company Ivoryton 

Mansfield  Organ  Pipe  Works  Mansfield  Depot 

The  Chas.  Parker  Company Meriden 

The  Vocalion  Organ  Company Meriden 

The  Wilcox  &  White  Company Meriden 

H.  Hall  &  Company  New  Haven 

B.  Shoninger  Company New  Haven 

Imperial  Manufacturing  Company Stamford 

Schleicher  &  Sons  Piano  Company Stamford 

PATTERNS. 

Fred  F.  Beach Bridgeport 

Bridgeport  Pattern  &  Model  Company Bridgeport 

The  Lake  Torpedo  Boat  Company  Bridgeport 

O.  S.  Piatt Bridgeport 

Sessions  Foundry  Company Bristol 

Turner  Machine  Company Danbury 

C.  F.  Yochum Danbury 

N.  F.  Ball Croton 

E.  J.  Anderson  Hartford 

The  J.  C.  Barrett  Company,  Inc Hartford 

The  Columbia  Motor  Car  Company  Hartford 

Crase  &  Johnson Hartford 

The  Hartford  Pattern  &  Model  Company  Hartford 

Topping  Brothers • Hartford 

The  Cutaway  Harrow  Company Higganum 

The  Hemming  Brothers  Company New  Haven 


88       CONNECTICUT   EXPERIMENT    STATION,    BULLETIN    NO.    1 74. 

The  McLagon  Foundry  Company New  Haven 

New  Haven  Machinery  Company New  Haven 

Brown  Cotton  Gin  Company  New  London 

New  London  Marine  Iron  Works  New  London 

The  Thames  Tow  Boat  Company New  London 

D.  E.  Whiton  Company New  London 

The  Baird  Machine  Company  Oakville 

C.  H.  Aisthrope  South  Norwalk 

The  Smith  &  Winchester  Manufacturing  Co South  Windham 

Wm.  B.  Judd Waterbury 

C.  H.  Manville Waterbury 

C.  B.  Cottrell  &  Sons  Company  Westerly,  R.  I. 

Geo.  C.  Wilcox   Winsted 

PLANING  MILL  PRODUCTS. 

H.  W.  Woodford Avon 

A.  W.  Burritt  Company  Bridgeport 

H.  C  Hoffman  &  Company  Bridgeport 

W.  S.  Hurlburt  Building  Company   Bridgeport 

Frank  E.  Miller  Lumber  Company Bridgeport 

W.  A.  Smith  &  Son  Bridgeport 

Rhoades  &  Stanton Canaan 

W.  S.  Danielson  Danielson 

James  A.  Nichols  Danielson 

Thomas  Forsyth    Fairfield 

The  Maher  Brothers  Corporation Greenwich 

The  East  Hartford  Lumber  &  Ladder  Co East  Hartford 

W.  H.  Cairns  Wood  Working  Company East  Hartford 

The  Edwin  Taylor  Lumber  Company Hartford 

S.  C.  Lewis   Meriden 

The  T.  E.  Main  Company Moosup 

The  Naugatuck  Lumber  &  Coal  Company  Naugatuck 

H.  C.  Messenger  New  Hartford 

The  George  Alling's  Sons  Company New  Haven 

David  E.  Clark  New  Haven 

The  M.  J.  Gibbud  Company New  Haven 

The  Hubbell  &  Merwin  Company  New  Haven 

The  S perry  &  Amos  Company  New  Haven 

Warren  &  Sperry  Company  New  Haven 

Denison  &  Brown   New  London 

H.  R.  Douglas New  London 

New  London  Marine  Iron  Works  New  London 

L.  S.  Raymond  New  London 

H.  B.  Porter  &  Son  Company Norwich 

The  Wheaton  Building  &  Finish  Company  Putnam 

H.  W.  Mather   South  Norwalk 

St.  John  &  Keyser South  Norwalk 


APPENDIX.  89 

A.  Waldron  South  Norwalk 

The  St.  John  Wood  Working  Company  Stamford 

The  Hotchkiss  Brothers  Company Torrington 

The  Torrington  Lumber  Company Torrington 

Loucks  &  Clarke   Wallingf ord 

The  C.  F.  Woodking  Company Wallingf  ord 

J.  E.  Smith  &  Company,  Inc Waterbury 

The  Tracy  Brothers  Company Waterbury 

Geo.  A.  Upham  Waterbury 

H.  S.  Case Weatogue 

The  H.  H.  Richards  Lumber  Company West  Haven 

The  Isaac  Sherman  Company  Westerly,  R.  I. 

R.  G.  Barlow  &  Son Westford 

Hillhouse  &  Taylor Willimantic 

PRINTING  MATERIALS. 

B.  P.  Webler  Bristol 

W.  T.  Barnum  &  Company New  Haven 

C.  S.  Butler  &  Son New  Haven 

E.  B.  Sheldon  Company New  Haven 

The  Brown  Cotton  Gin  Company New  London 

Whitlock  Printing  Press  Company Shelton 

C.  B.  Cottrell  &  Sons  Company  Westerly 

SASH,  DOORS  AND  BLINDS  AND  GENERAL  MILLWORK. 

W.  H.  Thompson Ansonia 

A.  W.  Burrett  Company Bridgeport 

H.  C.  Hoffman  &  Company Bridgeport 

Frank  E.  Miller  Lumber  Company  Bridgeport 

W.  R.  Muirhead  Lumber  Company  Bridgeport 

W.  A.  Smith  &  Company  Bridgeport 

Johnson  Lindell  &  Company  Canaan 

Elmer  H.  Barnum Danbury 

Foster  Brothers  Danbury 

W.  S.  Danielson Danielson 

James  A.  Nichols Danielson 

The  H.  Sands  Selleck  Company  Darien 

F.  A.  Bradley  Derby 

Wm.  Cooper   Derby 

The  N.  J.  Patrick  Corporation  Derby 

W.  H.  Cairns  Wood  Working  Company East  Hartford 

J.  P.  Crosby   Greenwich 

The  Maher  Brothers  Corporation  Greenwich 

The  Andrews  and  Peck  Company Hartford 

W.  E.  Caulkins  &  Son  Hartford 

C.  H.  Dresser  &  Son,  Inc.  „ Hartford 

Hartford  Builders'  Finish  Company  Hartford 


90       CONNECTICUT   EXPERIMENT   STATION,    BULLETIN    NO.    1 74. 

The  Hartford  Sash  &  Door  Company Hartford 

Mclntyre  &  Ahern   Hartford 

J.  W.  Murray  Hartford 

Wm.  Olds  &  Company Hartford 

James  Struthers  Hartford 

The  Edwin  Taylor  Lumber  Company Hartford 

Amos  D.  Bridge's  Sons,  Inc Hazardville 

Chapman  &  Tripp  J  ewett  City 

Geo.  J.  Switzer Litchfield 

The  Morehouse  Brothers  Company  Meriden 

The  Gustav  Lowenthal  Company   Middletown 

Naugatuck  Lumber  &  Coal  Company  Naugatuck 

Carlson  &  Torell  New  Britain 

H.  E.  Dimock New  Britain 

The  John  Pinches  Company  New  Britain 

The  Geo.  Alling's  Sons  Company New  Haven 

David  E.  Clark New  Haven 

M.  Etzel  &  Son New  Haven 

Gerrish  &  Hume New  Haven 

The  M.  J.  Gibbud  Company New  Haven 

Lewis  Hawthorne  Company New  Haven 

The  Hubbell  &  Merwin  Company New  Haven 

G  E.  Johnstone  &  Company New  Haven 

Morgan  &  Humiston  Company  New  Haven 

Norton   Brothers    New  Haven 

Lewis  Rempf er  New  Haven 

Sargent  &  Company New  Haven 

The  Sperry  &  Amos  Company New  Haven 

Warner  &  Sperry  Company New  Haven 

The  Wilbur  Corporation New  Haven 

Denison  &  Brown   New  London 

H.  R.  Douglas New  London 

Henry  O.  Hawthorne  New  London 

W.  L.  Roe,  Jr New  London 

A.  R.  Malkin  &  Company Norwalk 

The  H.  B.  Porter  &  Son  Company Norwich 

C.  M.  &  E.  B.  Kent  Putnam 

The  Wheaton  Building  &  Finish  Company  Putnam 

Gem  Ventilator  Company Saybrook 

Cheney  Brothers  South  Manchester 

Colonial  Column  Manufacturing  Company   South  Norwalk 

The  Hatch  &  Bailey  Company  South  Norwalk 

H.  W.  Mather South  Norwalk 

St.  John  &  Keyser South  Norwalk 

A.  Waldron  South  Norwalk 

The  St.  John  Wood  Working  Company Stamford 

Walter  Bates  &  Sons  Thompson 


APPENDIX.  91 

The  Hotchkiss  Brothers  Company Torrington 

The  Torrington  Lumber  Company Torrington 

R.  F.  Jones Unionville 

The  Parsons  Lumber  &  Hardware  Company Unionville 

The  C.  F.  Wooding  Company  Wallingf  ord 

W.  W.  Wilson  Washington  Depot 

Brass  City  Lumber  Company Waterbury 

Thomas  Heaton Waterbury 

Wm.  B.  Judd  .' Waterbury 

J.  E.  Smith  &  Company,  Inc Waterbury 

The  Tracy  Brothers  Company  Waterbury 

Geo.  A.  Upham  Waterbury 

The  Watertown  Lumber  Company  .-■ Watertown 

The  Isaac  Sherman  Company  Westerly,  R.  I. 

The  H.  H.  Richards  Lumber  Company West  Haven 

Thomas  Quinlan Westport 

Hillhouse  &  Taylor Willimantic 

Latham  &  Crane Willimantic 

Connecticut  Screen  &  Cabinet  Company  Yalesville 

SHIPS  AND  BOATS. 

Claus  A.  Johnson Branf ord 

The  Lake  Torpedo  Boat  Company Bridgeport 

Geo.  Saunders Chester 

C.  E.  Stevens   Clinton 

R.  Stoughton : Clinton 

Palmer  Brothers   Cos  Cob 

Comstock  &  Mack Essex 

Harrison  &  Halliday Essex 

Aaron  T.  Perkins Essex 

The  Gildersleeve  Ship  Building  Co Gildersleeve 

Greenwich  Yacht  Yard  Greenwich 

Chas.  Butson  Groton 

C.  F.  Ferguson  Groton 

L.  P.  Anderson Guilford 

W.  P.  Fowler Guilford 

Reuben  E.  Hall  Guilford 

Ralph  B.  Hall Guilford 

The  Hartford  &  New  York  Transportation  Co Hartford 

H.  T.  Adams  New  Haven 

E.  E.  Crampton New  Haven 

John  E.  Mar  &  Son New  Haven 

Antonio  Palo  New  Haven 

S.  W.  Pring  New  Haven 

Edw.  M.  Sears   '. New  Haven 

Louis  Anderson : New  London 

The  T.  A.  Scott  Company New  London 


92       CONNECTICUT   EXPERIMENT    STATION,    BULLETIN    NO.    1 74. 

The  Thames  Tow  Boat  Company New  London 

Jerry  Davis  Noank 

The  Robert  Palmer  &  Son  S.  B.  &  M.  Ry.  Co Noank 

Freeman  Rogers   Noank 

C.  L.  Barker Norwalk 

Marine  Ry.  &  Boat  Building  Company Portland 

Geo.  W.  Smith  &  Son  South  Canterbury 

Oscar  Anderson  South  Norwalk 

Banks  &  Company South  Norwalk 

Leslie  Gamble  South  Norwalk 

The  Marine  Railways  &  Con.  Company  Stamford 

Geo.   Scrobogna   Stamford 

The  Stamford  Motor  Gompany  Stamford 

W.  E.  Bedell  Stratford 

The  West  Mystic  Boat  Company  West  Mystic 

SPOOLS  AND  BOBBINS. 

Frank  L.  Smith  Baltic,  R.  F.  D. 

The  Torrey  Brothers  Company Central  Village 

A.  Gilbert  &  Sons Derby 

G.  W.  Winslow  East  Killingly 

J.  M.  Keith  &  Company Eastf ord 

The  Allen  Spool  &  Printing  Company Mystic 

Webster  D.  Whedon Madison 

E.  L.  Walker  New  Haven 

J.  B.  Tatem  &  Son Putnam 

Geo.  W.  Smith  &  Son  South  Canterbury 

W.  H.  Armstrong Coventry 

Cheney  Brothers  South  Manchester 

Windham  Handle  Company  South  Windham 

Walter  Bates  &  Sons  Thompson 

J.  M.  Tatem  Handle  Company  Willimantic 

SPORTING  GOODS. 

A.  Gilbert  &  Sons Derby 

The  Torrey  Brothers  Company   Central  Village 

H.  G.  Shepard  &  Sons    New  Haven 

Geo.  W.  Smith  &  Son South  Canterbury 

TANKS. 

H.  C.  Hoffman   Bridgeport 

Elmer  H.  Barnum    Danbury 

W.  S.  Danielson  Danielson 

The  Geo.  Alling's  Sons  Company ' New  Haven 

H.  G.  Shepard  &  Sons  New  Haven 

The  T.  A.  Scott  Company New  London 


APPENDIX.  93 

C.  M.  &  E.  B.  Kent  Putnam 

The  Smith  &  Winchester  Manufacturing  Co South  Windham 

Geo.  C.  Wilcox Winsted 

VEHICLE  AND  VEHICLE  PARTS. 

J.  G.  Curtiss    Ansonia 

J.  W.  Curtiss Ansonia 

James  McKinnon  Ansonia 

Dennis  Mahoney Ansonia 

W.  H.  Thompson  Ansonia 

Frank  L.  Smith  Baltic,  R.  F.  D. 

The  Flynn  &  Doyle  Company Bantam 

Tudor  Whiton   Bloomfield 

Thos.  M.  Bray " Branf ord 

H.  W.  Hubbard  Branford 

J.  S.  Moore  Branford 

R.  Nillson Branford 

Belamore  Armoured  Car  and  Equipment  Co Bridgeport 

The  Blue  Ribbon  Auto  &  Carriage  Co Bridgeport 

The  Eddy-Sherwood  Carriage  &  Motor  Co Bridgeport 

Gates  Wagon  Company Bridgeport 

The  C.  W.  Hall  Carriage  Company  Bridgeport 

Locomobile  Company  of  America  Bridgeport 

Metropolitan  Auto  &  Carriage  Company  Bridgeport 

Peck  &  Lines  Bridgeport 

The  Wheel  &  Wood  Bending  Company  Bridgeport 

H.  M.  Brockaway Centerbrook 

The  Torrey  Brothers  Company Central  Village 

C.  H.  Kelsey  Clinton 

E.  J.  Clinton  &  Son Clintonville 

W.  S.  Danielson   Danielson 

Frank  M.  Howard   Deep  River 

J.  J.  Booth Derby 

P.  J.  Donovan Derby 

G.  W.  Winslow  East  Killingly 

Wm.  Potter  Essex 

Harris  Hymon Groton 

The  Maher  Brothers  Corporation  Greenwich 

The  Archibald-Guilf ord  Wheel  Company Guilford 

P.  P.  Ives Guilford 

F.  E.  Banning  Hadlyme 

The  Columbia  Motor  Car  Company  Hartford 

The  Hartford  Model  &  Pattern  Company  Hartford 

B.  L.  McGurk  Hartford 

Mansuy  &  Smith   Hartford 

J.  W.  Murray Hartford 

The  Pope  Manufacturing  Company    Hartford 


94      CONNECTICUT   EXPERIMENT   STATION,    BULLETIN    NO.    1 74. 

The  Pope  Manufacturing  Company,  West  Works Hartford 

The  James  Pullar  Company Hartford 

W.  H.  Fowler Hockanum 

F.  A.  Chapman ' Ivoryton 

Chapman  &  Tripp  Jewett  City 

M.  Abraham Meriden 

John  .  Bostelman Meriden 

A.  Bowe  &  Son   Meriden 

Chalker  &  Fenn  Meriden 

Otto  G.  Ost Meriden 

J.  B.  Evans  Middletown 

W.  S.  Reynolds Middletown 

H.  A.  Smith  Milford 

James  Murphy  .- Naugatuck 

Barney  Van  Ness Naugatuck 

Benoit  Brothers New  Britain 

New  Britain  Carriage  Company New  Britain 

The  M.  Armstrong  Company New  Haven 

D.  W.  Baldwin  &  Company New  Haven 

Dann  Brothers New  Haven 

A.  T.  Demarest  &  Company New  Haven 

Joseph  Gardner New  Haven 

W.  J.  Gates New  Haven 

J.  F.  Goodrich  &  Company New  Haven 

Charles  M.  Hamm New  Haven 

The  Holcomb  Company  New  Haven 

Henry  Hooker  &  Company New  Haven 

Frederick  Howshield ,  New  Haven 

Chas.  A.  Kandetski  New  Haven 

James  Murphy New  Haven 

New  Haven  Auto  Top  Company New  Haven 

New  Haven  Carriage  Company New  Haven 

Samuel  K.  Page  New  Haven 

Rattan  Manufacturing  Company New  Haven 

H.  G.  Shepard  &  Sons  New  Haven 

Rafter  Wagon  Works New  Haven 

W.  Robertson   .m New  Haven 

West  Rock  Wagon  Works New  Haven 

G.  A.  Tenbroeck New  Haven 

Geo.  H.  Barber  New  London 

A.  B.  Collins   New  London 

J.  B.  Getchell New  London 

D.  E.  &  J.  F.  Moran  New  London 

Elliott  Wagon  Corporation North  Grosvenor  Dale 

C.  L.  Barker Norwalk 

S.  T.  Ruby Norwalk 


APPENDIX.  95 

The  L.  L.  Chapman  Company  Norwich 

Geo.  W.  Harris  Norwich 

M.  B.  Ring Norwich 

Scott  &  Clark  Corporation Norwich 

J.    A.    Walz    Norwich 

A.  R.  Keables  Norwichtown 

E.  E.  Gay Norwichtown 

I.  M.  Shapiro Oakville 

The  Wheaton  Building  &  Finish  Company Putnam 

Geo.  B.  Milne Rockville 

Fred  H.  Scharp Rockville 

Raymond  Brothers Rowayton 

W.  H.  Armstrong South  Coventry 

H.  W.  Mather South  Norwalk 

A.  Waldron  South  Norwalk 

Ira  B.  Bliss Stamford 

C.  L.  Smalley Stepney 

M.  G.  Dibble Suffield 

H.  C.  Holdredge Suffield 

J.  H.  Baeder Torrington 

C.  C.  Haight Torrington 

L.  D.  &  E.  D.  Hoyt Unionville 

L.  B.  Scranton Wallingf ord 

H.  Oddy  &  Son Wallingford 

Ekman  Brothers Washington  Depot 

R.  N.  Blakeslee  Waterbury 

W.  M.  Doyle Waterbury 

Geo.  H.  Goodwin   Waterbury 

A.  J.  Kenneally  Waterbury 

Peter  Laroque   Waterbury 

O'Neil  &  Fox  Waterbury 

O'Neil  &  Warner   Waterbury 

Geo.  Panneton  Waterbury 

M.  Rosen  Waterbury 

W.  B.  Whitney Waterbury 

A.  A.  Devylder West  Cheshire 

James  H.  Harry West  Cheshire 

C.  H.  Holdredge ! Westerly,  R.  I. 

Stillman  Carriage  Company Westerly,  R.  I. 

A.  R.  Burnham Willimantic 

Galipeau  &  Ducharme  Willimantic 

J.  Alexander  Winchester  Center 

John  Darcey  &  Son Winchester  Center 

The  Geo.  P.  Clark  Company  Windsor  Locks 

Howard  L.  Hitchcock  Woodbury 

L.  L.  Ives    Yalesville 


96       CONNECTICUT   EXPERIMENT   STATION,    BULLETIN    NO.    1 74. 

WOODENWARE  AND  NOVELTIES. 

E.  <W.  Buell Andover 

Connecticut  Screen  &  Cabinet  Company Yalesville 

Elmwood  Button  Company  Bridgeport 

Fayette  Wightman  Bristol 

W.  S.  Danielson Danielson 

A.  Gilbert  &  Son  Derby 

The  East  Hartford  Lumber  and  Ladder  Co East  Hartford 

E.  J.  Anderson  Hartford 

Bishop  Ladder  Company Hartford 

Crase  &  Johnson   , Hartford 

Amos  S.  Bridge's  Sons,  Inc ' Hazardville 

C.  O.  Jelliff  &  Company -. New  Canaan 

A.  W.  Flint  &  Company New  Haven 

Sargent  &  Company New  Haven 

The  Baird  Machine  Company  Oakville 

Chas.  I.  Allen Pequabuck 

Peck,  Stow  &  Wilcox  Company Southington 

Windham  Handle  Company  South  Windham 

Preble  &  Bumstead Stafford  Springs 

Union  Hardware  Company Torrington 

B.  P.  Merwin  Wood  Turning  Works  Westport 


THE  1910  LUMBER  CUT  OF  CONNECTICUT. 

The  statistics  and  discussions  in  the  foregoing  report  are  based  on  a 
study  of  the  woods  consumed  in  191 1  by  the  Connecticut  factories.  This 
report,  it  will  be  recalled,  does  not  include  the  cut  of  rough  lumber  but 
only  that  part  of  it  which  becomes  the  raw  material  of  the  factories 
converting  it  into  various  commodities.  For  the  convenience  of  the 
reader  who  may  desire  to  make  a  comparison  of  the  kinds  and  amounts 
of  lumber  produced  by  the  Connecticut  sawmills,  with  the  quantity  con- 
sumed by  the  factories,  an  exact  copy  of  part  of  the  Bureau  of  Census 
Bulletin  giving  the  1910  lumber  cut  for  Connecticut  is  presented  in  the 
following  table : 

KIND   OF   WOOD  FEET  B.    M.  KIND   OF  WOOD  FEET   B.    M. 

Chestnut    58,810,000            Elm    215,000 

Oak    25,686.000            Tupelo    1 12,000 

White   Pine    23,021,000            Walnut  91,000 

Hemlock 5,376  000            Cedar    48,000 

Hickory   3,483,000            Sycamore  5,000 

Maple  2,780,000            Spruce    4,000 

Ash   1,893,000            Tamarack    3,000 

Birch  1,750,000            Balsam    2,000 

Pitch  Pine 1,527,000            All  others   69,000 

Basswood  739.000                                                      

Beech 581,000                Total  cut  126,463,000 

Cottonwood f.,.*  _    .268,000   n    . 

5  3 3  9      0  1 


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